Prevention practices free essay sample

The United States Centers for Disease Control evaluates that every year one out of twenty emergency clinic patients will get a Healthcare Associated Infection (HAI). At the point when further inspected, the quantity of tainted patients is roughly 1. 7 million every year bringing about almost 99,000 passings (CDC, 2011). Because of numbers this way, social insurance associations, proficient affiliations, and patient promotion bunches have all propelled activities demonstrating a widespread reaction to this national medicinal services need. Boss among these activities was the joint effort between The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America and the Disease Society of America. The SHEA-IDSA joint distribution on HAI avoidance fabricates an expert establishment for social insurance offices in the Unites States to relieve the danger of HAI contaminated patients. The avoidance systems start by recognizing the most well-known HAIs, their causes, and enumerating the both the human and monetary expenses related with HAIs. Utilizing this data, SHEA and ISDA made counteraction procedures to battle each HAI. This exposition will follow the SHEA-IDSA format by specifying data on the most well-known Healthcare Associated Infection and give enumerating anticipation systems. As indicated by the United States Centers for Disease Control and the SHEA-IDSA report, the most widely recognized Healthcare Associated Infection are Central Line Associated Blood Stream Infections or CLABSI. With about half of all ICU patients requiring a focal line, the measure of recorded CLABSI contaminations is incredibly high. The examination on CLABSI shows the most widely recognized pathogens are Staphylococcus Aureus, Enterococci, and Candida. To all the more likely comprehend the idea of CLABSI episode and thusly utilize avoidance procedures one must comprehend the dynamic of a focal line. The National Healthcare Safety Network characterizes a focal line as â€Å"a catheter whose tip ended in an incredible vessel† (IHI, 2011). The catheter on a focal line punctures the skin, which naturally makes bacterial and contagious diseases conceivable. When the disease has entered the body it can spread to the circulation system. The disease would then be able to cause hemodynamic changes conceivably causing demise of a patient. Confirmation of a contamination is found in the recuperation of a pathogen from a blood culture from a patient who had a focal line. For explanatory purposes, a pathogen not generally present on the skin should just be found in one culture while a pathogen regularly found on the skin must be recognized in at least two societies. So as to be affirmed as a focal line disease, the focal line more likely than not been introduced at least two days preceding the improvement of the contamination and there must be no other clear wellspring of the disease. Concerning cost of Healthcare Associated Infections; both are markers of the hugeness of the issue. As referenced before the 2010 CDC report named â€Å"Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections† expressed 1. 7 million cases happen every year in the United States. As indicated by a similar report 99,000 cases bring about death. The Institute for Healthcare Improvement evaluates that of these 99,000 passings, up to 4,000 are an immediate consequence of circulation system diseases. The human expense dwarves the money related costs, which alone cripplingly affect the social insurance industry. Considering the Institute for Healthcare Improvement report, each CLABSI occurrence drags out hospitalization on normal of seven days. Every disease costs somewhere in the range of $3,700 and $29,000. Having built up the regular CLABSI episodes, distinguishing the danger of disease, and inspecting the cost, the time has come to move into avoidance techniques. The Institute for Healthcare improvement set up the business standard for focal line disease systems in what are known as Care Bundles. â€Å"The IHI â€Å"Central Line Bundle is a gathering of proof based mediations for patients with intravascular focal catheters that, when actualized together, bring about preferable results over when executed separately. The five segments of the group are appropriate hand cleanliness, most extreme boundary safety measures, chlorhexidine skin antisepsis, ideal catheter site determination, and day by day survey of line need. The most essential advance in CLABSI counteraction is hand washing. (IHI, 4/23/2011) The IHI rules determine that social insurance experts need to wash hands when catheter care, when dressings are changed, and the focal lines are gotten to. Moreover patients ought to be shown when and how to appropriately wash hands. This instruction reaches out to relatives ofâ the patients. Alongside essential cleanliness, patients ought to likewise be educated to abstain from taking care of or controlling focal lines. Accentuation on sterility and cleanliness are strengthened in the second IHI rule known as Maximum Barrier Precautions. The clinical stuff is required to wear tops, covers, sterile outfits, and sterile glove when focal lines are embedded. The patient should likewise be secured head to toe with a sterile wrap aside from a little opening at the catheter inclusion site. (IHI, 4/30/2011) The third IHI safety measure is Chlorohexidine. Studies demonstrate utilizing Chlorohexidine for skin planning preceding focal line inclusion or while changing dressings is more powerful than different arrangements, for example, povidone-iodine or liquor. To appropriately purify the treatment territory, Chlorohexidine must be applied for at any rate 30 seconds and the arrangement must dry totally before embeddings a focal line. The utilization of disinfectants like Chlorohexidine isn't held only for patients. Studies have demonstrated that covering or impregnating catheters with germ-killers have diminished the danger of diseases. The general advantages anyway are faulty while inspecting the training from a money saving advantage point of view. This is because of measurably unimportant contrasts in the pace of contaminations when utilizing impregnated or non-impregnated catheters. (Lai, N. et al, 2013) The following safety measures refered to in the IHI pack are ideal catheter site choice and day by day focal line survey (IHI, 4/30/11-B). One key segment of site choice is found in directing a hazard/advantage investigation. The rewarding doctor is prepared to do such an investigation. When all is said in done the IHI rules recommend staying away from the femoral supply route for focal lines. While rewarding grown-up patients, they additionally recommend an inclination to the subclavian site over a jugular site when utilizing non-burrowed focal lines. A day by day audit of a patient’s focal line is likewise fundamental. The danger of disease builds the more extended a catheter is set up hence a day by day check must be directed to guarantee the line is as yet required. An every day survey will likewise encourage the expulsion of un-required lines. Note that booking catheter evacuations or substitution at planned stretches, like clockwork for instance, has not brought down the danger of contamination. The key component missing in booked expulsions is the day by day, in-person survey. Execution and consistence of IHI Bundle Precautions is multi-faceted requiring proceeding with instruction and amended staffing rehearses (NGC, 2013). Human services experts must be prepared in legitimate strategies for keeping away from focal line contaminations. Strategies incorporate catheter addition and support. To guarantee the rules are followed and the training is compelling, every medicinal services site ought to order a consistence board of trustees and engage the panel to lead intermittent audits of focal line techniques. Among the numerous safety measures refered to over the board of trustees ought to make a focal line agenda and make the agenda accessible to all staff individuals. Moreover the board of trustees can make a culture of focal line wellbeing by guaranteeing cleaning operators are noticeably positioned at all hand-washing stations, each flexibly graph loaded with chlorhexidine packs and other sterile things like veils and gloves. Physical consistence checks would likewise be in the domain of the council and can be found through incorporating every day focal line checks with multidisciplinary adjusts and requiring focal line records indicating the date and time of the line situation. The consistence board will likewise be accused of looking into the facility’s staffing techniques. This is important in light of the fact that reviews show the danger of patient focal line contamination increments when there is a raised patient to nurture proportion. The investigations have additionally shown that the utilization of â€Å"pool nurses† in ICU settings adds to expanded danger of disease. Where IHI rules were acquainted and followed with, the quantity of CLABSI episodes significantly diminished. For instance, from 2001 to 2009 there was a 58% decrease which spared almost $1. 8 billion in overabundance social insurance costs. This speaks to about 6,000 lives spared through legitimate conventions. When taking a gander at two years in this range, 2008 and 2009, the decreases are great. For instance, in 2008 there were roughly 37,000 instances of focal line contaminations in patients getting outpatient hemodialysis. In 2009 there were 23,000 cases among patients getting inpatient treatment. While the quantity of cases in these zones is still high, the insights uncover they are declining (CDC, 2011). The creators of this paper had the chance to finish their clinical hours at two distinct offices; Banner Health Network and Dignity Network. The creators found that the two offices set an objective of totally disposing of CLABSI and made a culture to encourage this objective. Aside structure the general improvement in persistent consideration such an objective will be monetarily helpful for the offices. This is in huge part because of changes in financing decides that state social insurance offices will never again be repaid for CVC related circulatory system diseases since they are viewed as to a great extent preventable. The two offices visited by the creators carefully hold fast to the IHI focal line group idea. Every one of them additionally included

Accounting Standards And Preparing Financial Statements Accounting Essay Essay Example

Bookkeeping Standards And Preparing Financial Statements Accounting Essay Example Bookkeeping Standards And Preparing Financial Statements Accounting Essay Bookkeeping Standards And Preparing Financial Statements Accounting Essay Measures were about obscure before World War II, presently they are of import in each bookkeeping work and concern. All things considered talking Accounting is utilized about everyplace from Bankss and transnational association to neighborhood stores. So associations and attempts needed to create rules for fixing monetary articulations where they track the worry or people. Accounting report, pay explanation, hard money stream articulation, held proclamations theories are kinds of monetary explanation done in association and concerns. These announcements are done to demo organization disbursals, net ( net gain ) , total compensation and loss of concern, and so forth In any case, this paper is going to set up the model and the interest for worldwide standards bookkeeping when contrasted with national basis, it will other than investigate the bookkeeping rules, guidelines and measure. The devotees are the key focuses which will be talked about: Meaning of Accounting Standard Bookkeeping Police Force The interest of Accounting Standards in fixing Fiscal Statements Favorable position and Disadvantage of these Standards The Conceptual Framework Meaning of International Accounting Standards Measures are set of guidelines and processs embraced by heading and tries in fixing and indicating monetary proclamation. Other than known as develops and rules to ensure bookkeeping data is reliable, understandable and tantamount. Gauges are consummately requests when fixing finicky explanation it gives it strangeness of what guideline to be made relying on the sort of proclamation. The International Accounting Standard was made in 1970 by the bookkeeping natural structures which was other than called as financial depicting rule, since there were no statute that require to be watched subsequently, organizations gave Companies Act 1989 to show valid and simply position. This Act had other than expressed that if there was inability to follow with the requests of a bookkeeping measure than it must be clarified in the monetary proclamation in any case a disciplinary procedure will be taken if explanation contained a significant break of the basis which implies some punishment will be ma de. Bookkeeping Police Force Let s think about if there were no course guidelines and even watch what will go on, of class there will be turmoil and expanded mishaps. Indeed, even a game would nt do detect if there were no guidelines for it, permit s connect this delineation to bookkeeping and its rules, if bookkeeping had no arrangement of guidelines there will be risk of misrepresentation, botches, stealer, income improvement occupations, etc†¦ Requirements of the International Accounting Standards To create in the open contribution for example the less fortunate states that could nt stand to hold their ain arrangement of rule To help do monetary conclusions Work effectively with national principles setters to pass on national bookkeeping models and International Financial Reporting Standards ( IFRS ) to top notch arrangement. To utilize measures to every single financial history to give a valid and simply position of the monetary spot and net gain and deficit history To better models of monetary bookkeeping and inclusion to support clients, plans and listeners or financial data To choose bookkeeping issues by the improvement of rules The focal points and impediments of International Standards Board Focal points: Global concern has figured out how to indict in the basic movement of import and fare, since more monetary mutualities exist between states now than prior. Other than a planetary capital market has given universal concern focal points in media transmission, electronic transportations and deregulating which empower them to arraign in monetary minutess. The worry hebdomad has indicated that a worldwide concern observing International Standard its one-year developing has been 3.5 % , while the estimation of exchange has become 6.5 % a twelvemonth it has pushed 10 $ billon to 20 $ higher. Normalization between states has made the bookkeeping work a lot simpler and chop down expenses. They chop down or stifle confounding contrasts in the strategies used to fix chronicles Gives an of import point to contention and medicines about bookkeeping design They give an obligation to organization to do use of the bookkeeping arrangements when fixing bookkeeping proclamation Drawbacks: Culture distinction and human advancement assorted variety which implies the worry ought to be presented or experienced to multicultural experience. Business designs are other than not quite the same as state to state for example Japan financing is finished by obligation while in UK is done through value holder. Religion contrast may other than do some difficulty when explanation is made. Political and financial issues may other than do significant employment when a contributing is to be finished. A lot of guidelines which makes one technique to be followed when fixing chronicles would non be suitable Reasonable model They are the board premises which can be trailed by concern attempts by utilizing the bookkeeping develop. These builds are other than distinguished by the organizations Act 1985.GAAP the General Accepted Accounting Standard are known as set of measures and guidelines that are perceived as a general attendant for monetary inclusion or backing. Two natural structures are liable for building up these models, Financial Accounting Standards Board ( FASB ) and Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) . The applied model comprises of: Points of financial inclusion Subjective highlights of bookkeeping data Elementss of monetary articulations, and runing rules ( premises, rules, and constraint ) . Here are probably the greater part of import builds: Reasonability develop This develop states that, where exchange appraisals are conceivable, the one chose ought to be the one which gives the most cautious introduction of the worry monetary outcome. Accept for outline, that in washing machine concern, each machine costs 100 R.O yet can be sold for 150 R.O. This is the thing that the judiciousness build is going to do a net gain before the total compensation had been perceived. On the different manus the develop of judiciousness is to recognize misfortune each piece presently as it is predicted. Voyaging Concern develop Meanss that a worry will continue runing in to the great beyond and that there is no reason to set the organization into chapter 11, which only implies that the in addition to of the worth ought to non be esteemed at their disintegration esteem. Coordinating build It expresses that a disbursal should mach with net ( total compensation ) , at whatever point it is reasonable and operable to make so. Cost lucifer net incomes net Consistency develop It implies that a similar bookkeeping rules and techniques ought to be utilized from twelvemonth to twelvemonth inside an organization each piece great as Comparability implies that the data ought to be practically identical with bookkeeping data about different undertakings. In addition, significant data assists clients with foreseeing future occasions, which aides revises prior inputs. Choice Association and attempts ought to follow the bookkeeping measure as it is extremely of import since, data are kept sorted out, helps in assurance conceiving, verifiable records of concern are recorded for any future adjustment or check and diminishes extortion, burglary or any criminal operations that occur inside a worry.

Can Depression Turn Into Bipolar Disorder

Can Depression Turn Into Bipolar Disorder Depression Types Print Can Depression Turn Into Bipolar Disorder? By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on January 29, 2020 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD Updated on February 11, 2020 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights dragana991 / Getty Images In This Article Table of Contents Expand Why Misdiagnosis Happens Complications of Misdiagnosis Reducing Misdiagnosis View All Bipolar disorder and depression share many of the same symptoms, but there are several key differences between the conditions. Depression (sometimes referred to as unipolar depression) and bipolar disorder (or bipolar depression) are two distinct conditions that need to be treated differently. Its very important that a person gets the correct diagnosis so they can receive proper treatment.?? Unfortunately, it can be difficult to tell the difference between the conditions, and misdiagnosis can happen. While clinical depression cannot evolve or turn into bipolar disorder, a person who was previously diagnosed with depression may find out that they actually have a type of bipolar disorder.?? It can be difficult to cope with a new or unexpected diagnosis, but having an accurate diagnosis is necessary to ensure the condition is treated properly. How Manic Depression Became Bipolar Disorder Why Misdiagnosis Happens While there are some characteristic features of each condition, many symptoms of bipolar disorder and depression overlap. When people have both conditions at the same time, or another factor such as substance use, making an accurate diagnosis can be challenging. Symptoms of Clinical Depression Verywell / Joshua Seong Although there are different types of depression, which can have unique characteristics, there are some symptoms that most people with depression feel at one time or another, such as: Feeling profoundly sad, hopeless, or emptyGetting angry, irritated, or frustrated easilySleeping too much (known as hypersomnia) or having insomniaPoor concentration or trouble focusingNot feeling hungry or overeatingA lack of interest in hobbies, work, socializingLow or no sex driveSelf-harm, suicidal thoughts or attempts Typically, a person must have symptoms every day for two weeks or longer to be diagnosed with depression. People with depression may also be likely to have comorbid anxiety disorders. People with bipolar disorder can experience anxiety as well, including generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).?? Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder is a mental disorder in which a person experiences alternating periods of depression with symptoms similar to unipolar depression and periods of mania.  Periods of mania are defined by elevated mood and high energy. While in a manic state, a person can feel very good.  Compared to feelings of depression, manic symptoms may not be especially troubling. Manic episodes can also be infrequent, with gaps as long as several years occurring in between them. When symptoms do occur, they can be mild. Symptoms of mania may include: Feeling restless, increased activity or energyEuphoria, excitement, big ideas (grandiosity)Having trouble focusing, getting distracted, thinking about many different thingsAggression, getting angry or irritated easilySleeping less but still having energyIncreased sex driveDelusions, hallucinations (severe mania) In some cases, a person with bipolar depression may not mention manic symptoms to a doctor or therapist unless, or until, they become severe. Types of Bipolar Its important to know that there are two types of bipolar disorder: bipolar 1 and bipolar 2. While the symptoms of each type are similar, they differ in frequency and duration. Verywell / Hugo Lin Bipolar 1 disorder typically involves at least one major depressive episode. How its different from depression is that people with bipolar disorder have also experienced at least one manic episode. In bipolar 1, people may alternate between periods of depression and mania. In bipolar 2 disorder, a person may not experience mania. Rather, they may have a lesser form (hypomania) interspersed with depression. When symptoms are subtle, people may not realize they are experiencing mania. The lows of depression may be more obvious or recognizable, which can contribute to a misdiagnosis of depression. People with either type of bipolar disorder can experience the following symptoms, depending on whether they are experiencing a manic or depressive phase. How to Recognize a Manic Episode Overlapping Symptoms There are many symptoms that are common to depression and bipolar disorder. When a person with a type of bipolar disorder is experiencing a depressive episode, it can look (and feel) very much like a classic bout of depression. People with depression or bipolar disorder can experience low mood, trouble sleeping, changes in appetite, and problems focusing. They are also at risk of self-harming, including suicide. Individuals with bipolar disorder often have issues with excessive sleep and overeating, which can help distinguish between MDD and bipolar disorder. One of the primary ways to distinguish bipolar disorder from depression is the presence of manic symptoms, but a person may seek treatment for their depressive symptoms before they have experienced a manic episode. Sometimes, people do not recognize that they have had an episode of maniaâ€"especially with a more subtle, hypomanic episode. Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder How Substance Use Can Affect Diagnosis Substance misuse can complicate mental illness diagnosis in a number of ways. A person who is using substances such as alcohol or drugs may exhibit behaviors or symptoms that look like bipolar disorder. Misdiagnosis can occur if a provider does not know the person is using substances and attributes symptoms related to use with bipolar disorder. But some research has suggested bipolar disorder may be misdiagnosed even when a clinician is aware of a persons history of substance use.?? Alternatively, people who are using drugs or alcohol may not be correctly diagnosed with bipolar disorder if their symptoms are attributed to substance use rather than underlying bipolar disorder. Substance use disorders frequently co-occur with many mental illnesses, including bipolar disorder and depression. Why Mental Health Disorders Co-Exist With Substance Use Complications of Misdiagnosis One of the potential complications of misdiagnosis is that bipolar disorder and depression require different treatments. Unfortunately, antidepressants, the treatment of choice for depression, may not work for people with bipolar disorder. In fact, when people with bipolar disorder take certain antidepressant medications, their symptoms can become worse. Their mood may become unstable and they may have an increase in the frequency of manic episodes. If F has not yet had a manic episode, these medications may trigger them to experience one. Rather than antidepressants, most people with bipolar disorder need treatment with mood-stabilizing drugs, such as lithium. Reducing the Risk of Misdiagnosis Clinicians can take several steps to ensure they are making an accurate diagnosis. The risk of misdiagnosis is still present, but it can be reduced.?? If you are working with a doctor or mental health professional, there are a few approaches to your assessment they may use to help them provide the most accurate diagnosis possible. History Taking A doctor or mental health professional will start by asking you about your symptoms. As it can be difficult for people to explain their feelings or note patterns, it can also be helpful for them to talk to your loved ones, as they may have noticed changes in your behavior or made other observations about your moodâ€"some of which you may not even be aware of. Clinicians may make a special point to ask about the symptoms associated with mania, such as elevated mood, irritability, or reckless behavior. They may also ask about a family history of mental illness. If a person has a first-degree relative with bipolar disorder or a history of manic episodes, they are at a higher risk for bipolar disorder. If someone has not been formally diagnosed but experienced a manic episode after starting an antidepressant, that may also indicate bipolar disorder rather than depression. Your doctor will likely ask questions about the onset of symptoms. The symptoms of bipolar disorder tend to start abruptly and make come on earlier (teens or early 20s). Depression, on the other hand, may be more gradual and can develop any timeâ€"even in childhood. People with bipolar disorder also tend to experience change or recovery of symptoms (from low mood to feeling better, for example) more quickly than people with depression. In general, people with depression do not experience alternating moodsâ€"they feel low most or all of the time. These bouts of depression also tend to last for long periods of time, whereas people with bipolar disorder may have shorter bouts of depression. Diagnostic Tools The Mood Disorder Questionnaire, the Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale, and the Hypomanic Personality Scale are some of the diagnostic instruments used to screen for bipolar disorder.?? These tools focus on questions about potential mania and hypomania symptoms, which are important for distinguishing between a diagnosis of bipolar and unipolar depression. Clinicians will also want to find out if you have experienced any symptoms of psychosis, such as hallucinations. While psychotic symptoms can occur in other mental health disorders, its also a feature that can help distinguish between bipolar disorder and depression. Bipolar Disorder With Mixed Features Follow-Up Your doctor or mental health professional may want you to try mood charting to help keep track of your symptoms. This practice can be especially helpful for detecting episodes of hypomania and tracking the frequency of mood swings. You may be asked to keep a log of your mood after starting an antidepressant. If you develop new symptoms (such as mania) or worsening symptoms after starting these medications, it may indicate that you have bipolar disorder rather than depression. Staying in contact with your mental health care team while you are in the process of being diagnosed or starting treatment is important, especially if you are trying medications. In some cases, antidepressants can make symptoms of depression worse. If you are under the age of 25, the risk of suicidal thoughts can increaseâ€"which is why antidepressants have a black box warning from the FDA. If you, or your loved ones, notice a change in your behavior that is worrisome, talk to your doctor or psychiatrist. They may decide you need another type of treatment. Do not stop or take less of the antidepressant you have been prescribed unless you are being supervised by your doctor or psychiatrist. If you want to stop taking a medication or switch to a new prescription, ask your doctor how to safely reduce your dose to avoid withdrawal. A Word From Verywell Even when a doctor or mental health professional is thorough in assessing your symptoms and history, misdiagnosis can still happen. You can help by being as accurate and detailed as you can when reporting your symptoms to a clinician. If the diagnosis you have been given doesnt feel like the right fit, its important that you express these concerns to your health care team. It may help to be assessed by another practitioner. Your mental health and well-being depend on receiving an accurate diagnosis and having access to the treatment that best suits your needs. How to Explain Bipolar Disorder to Loved Ones

Foreign Aid Essay - 1342 Words

Foreign aid is defined as the help given by one nations government to another nation to help with social and financial advancement. Also, foreign aid is used in order to help a country to respond a disaster such as natural disaster, disease, etc. It can include providing financial help, medicines (science), food, clothes, etc. Likewise, foreign aid can be used for education (knowledge), infrastructures, equipment, and to fight poverty. I believe that foreign aid helps poor countries especially when it is well designed, and delivered, works, saving the lives of many and helping to promote economic growth. In addition, it is good for those countries in need because it is free, good for the improvement of a poor countries economy, and it†¦show more content†¦Creating nations themselves accentuate this point, however, in the rich world, it is frequently overlooked. So too is the way that money-related guide and the further opening of well-off nations business sectors are device s with just a constrained capacity to trigger development, particularly in the poorest nations. As we learned in this class, poor countries are abundant in cheap labor and natural resources. The financial foreign aid helps countries to invest opening markets to important exports. For instance, some financial aid promotes microcredit which is a very small loan to some particular individuals in poor countries to stimulate economic development, so that they can start small businesses. Foreign aid helps to save lives of many because of its well-designed programs. On the health front, smallpox has been annihilated, newborn child death rates have been brought down, and diseases like diarrhea has been well treated. Help programs have enhanced ladies entrance to present day contraception and helped the improvement of the education system. Aid additionally pays for a significant part of the (still-restricted) access to AIDS drugs in poor nations. Foreign aid helps poor countries to reduce or stop angry sentiments. How do you know you are poor? You will know if you see someone better off than you. Relative deprivation is the absence of assets to maintain the eating routine,Show MoreRelatedForeign Aid Essay620 Words   |  3 PagesForeign Aid Foreign Aid, charity, development assistance†¦whatever you call it, it has become a global activity. The assistance is delivered by various means: government-to-government, pooled multilaterally or channeled Read MoreEssay On Foreign Aid862 Words   |  4 PagesMany influential thinkers view foreign aid as one of the best tools for eradicating poverty. However, my aim is to prove this belief wrong by demonstrating that if the capital is given to the wrong types of government then it works to further perpetuate inequalities. Nations thrive only when they establish inclusive governments—ones that promote free markets that permit citizens to not only spend freely but also to invest to promote the flow of capital. On the other hand, governments that use authorityRead More What Foreign Aid Is Essay1730 Words   |  7 PagesWhat Foreign Aid Is There are two words that many politicians like to shy away from, and those two words are, foreign aid. Taking a firm stand on either side of this topic is usually side stepped by decision makers. Their opinions are usually based on a case by case analysis. This extremely controversial topic involves whether or not to support the policy of foreign aid to needy or sometimes not so needy countries. What benefits does foreign aid have for the countries that receive itRead MoreEssay on The Benefits of Foreign Aid1625 Words   |  7 Pagesmisperception concerning how much of the federal budget is actually set aside for foreign assistance programs. Only one-half of one percent is actually allocated and spent through the agency, stated J. Brian Atwood, head of USAID, at the International Development Conference on January 1995. In addition, U.S. Foreign Assistance levels are at their lowest levels in over 50 years (Ten Questions Commonly Asked About U.S. Foreign Assistance Programs, March 6, 1995). The United States should continue providingRead More Americas Foreign Aid Policy Essay5410 Words   |  22 PagesTime for Americas Foreign Aid Policy to Follow Thomas Malthus’ Prescriptions During the late 1700s, Adam Smith and Thomas Malthus each entered their predictions on the future of the world’s economies into the history books. In his writings in An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Smith theorized that national economies could be continuously improved by means of the division of labor, efficient production of goods, and international trade. 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Even though a majority of Africa is either run by a democratic type of government or by dictatorship foreign aid should still be limited due to repudiation of responsibilities and permits corruptionRead MoreThe Effect of War and Peace on Foreign Aid Essay1520 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effect of War and Peace on Foreign Aid Dr. Toi Dennis Elaine Stewart SOC 300: Sociology of Developing Countries May 4, 2014 Introduction Afghanistan is a developing country; the country faced many difficulties soon after its independence. They faced difficulties in the development of their constitution and regulations. The selection of a leader was an issue and the first major task was to prepare a military for theRead MoreEssay Foreign Aid Programs are Good Politics1136 Words   |  5 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Americans have historicly had many outlooks on foreign relations and the countrys proper place in them.   On one extreme is the idea that the US government should use its power and influence as a globally acknowledged superpower to take a leading role in world affairs, to use its military strength to help promote peace and stability.   The other side is that America is not the worlds policeman, that we must put our own interests as a nation first.   The US

Business Organizations Summary - 1574 Words

THE LAW OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS Chapter 16 – Law of Sole Proprietorship and Partnership * Sole proprietorship – A business where the sole owner is responsible for the management and debts of the business. * Registration/licensing issues; Flexibility * Partnership – Partnership Act (Ontario) defines partnership as a relationship that subsists between two or more persons carrying on business in common with a view to profit. * Differences between partnership and co-ownership * Joint and several liability * Partnership agreement – checklist of issues * Liability of partner for acts of employees * Rights and duties of partners to one another as set out in the Partnership Act (Ontario) * Dissolution†¦show more content†¦As a general rule, in any transaction with the corporation, a director must disclose his or her interest in a particular contract and refrain from discussing or voting on the matter at the directors’ meeting. Shareholder approval of contracts in which a director has an interest may be required. A director must disclose a conflict of interest. Canadian Aero Service v. O’Malley et al (1973) * Directors’ Liabilities - Numerous heads of director liability under various pieces of legislation: sell shares at a discount contrary to governing legislation; declare a dividend that impairs the capital of the corporation; environmental liabilities; employees wages in the event of a bankruptcy; failure to file corporate notices; Fraud charges under the Criminal Code; proceeds of crime and money laundering charges * Directors’ Defence of Due Diligence - Due diligence: the obligation on the directors of a corporation to ensure that effective systems are in place to comply with legislation, and to monitor legislative systems to ensure compliance. R. v. Bata sets out the criteria for the defence of due diligence. Ani Abdalyan, B.A. LL.B. LL.M. Member of the Ontario Bar Lead Instructor ALW 380 Business Law for Accounting * Business judgment rule - A court would be reluctant to interfere with the decisions of the board of directors. The rule is limited to circumstances where the directors can demonstrate they informed themselves of the issue andShow MoreRelatedBMGT 110 Final Paper Kelly S Sandwich Shop Case Study 11731 Words   |  7 Pagesgrowth strategy, business forms, short and medium term goals, financing assistance, organizational structure and staffing needs, customers and promotion, and ethics and social responsibility. In this paper will to discuss how the different factors alter the advancement of small businesses. Kelly’s sandwich concession has been selling sandwich and other lunch items to her customers for the past five years. Though small, her business has been a very optimistic and fast growing business. 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Indian Market Diversity Free Essays

string(197) " may exist in large cities, but there is a disconnect when compared with their counterparts in smaller towns — whether it is regarding their philosophy, their thoughts or their approach to life\." Indian Market Diversity Changing Consumer Behaviour The Indian consumer market is one of the most promising markets in the world, evolving faster than ever across all socioeconomic strata, regions and town classes. Post liberalisation Indians have seen a tremendous increase in incomes, multiple income households, exposure to international lifestyles and media, easier financial credit. In these fast changing times, it becomes imperative for companies reaching out to the Indian market, to catch the pulse of the Indian consumer, to gain a better understanding of the Indian consumer behaviour and to get key insights into issues like: †¢What does the Indian Consumer’s shopping basket consist of? †¢What is it that the Indian consumer is buying – Is it Apparel? Books? Music? Or Durables or Grocery? How is she paying for her purchases? †¢How much is she willing to travel to get one-stop shopping options? Is she discount driven enough to wait for promotions or markdowns? †¢How different is the Delhi consumer from the one in Kolkata or Chennai, and how different are they from those in Lucknow or Ludhiana? All these questions have taken a top priority not only to domestic marketers but also for companies like Wal-Mart and Carrefour that are planning to set up retail chains to tap the potential Indian consumer market. We will write a custom essay sample on Indian Market Diversity or any similar topic only for you Order Now Marketing in India is growing through an indefinable phase. Various print, electronic and other media are influencing everyone right from â€Å"Karta† of the family to the kid, the consumer‘s making decision and the way in which the new generation Indian consumer behaves is undergoing change at a never before pace. In today’s global marketing era, which stresses on customization and localisation, influencing the consumer’s decision has become more important in this changing environment. Many new upcoming trends have been noticed in the last decade. According to the data provided by (NCAER) latest Indian market demographics report 2002 in the period from 1998-99 to 1999-2000, the purchase of white goods rose by 103%, this growth was seen mostly in the Southern India, with North and Western parts of the country still lying untapped. In other words, the potential in the North and the West is truly large. With income levels rising- especially in the post-reforms period the number of upper-medium and high-income households rose from 4. 1 % of the total numbers of households in 1989-90 to 11. 9% in 1998-99. The pattern of consumption has also undergone a sea change. Similarly, the number of low-income households, that is households with an annual income of less than Rs. 35,000 per year, has fallen from 58. 2 % in 1992-93 to 39. 7 % in 1998-99. Income Levels : From NCEAR, LM – Lower Middle class, M – Middle Class, UM – Upper Middle Class and H – Higher Class. (All figure in %) Income Class92-9395-9698-99 Low=, Rs 35,00058. 248. 939. 7 LM=Up to Rs 70,00025. 430. 734. 5 M= up to Rs 1,05,00010. 411. 913. 9 UM = up to Rs 1,40,0003. 756. 2 H =. Rs 1,40,0002. 33. 55. 7 A traditional family in India is different from a western family, the decision making process for the purchasing of consumer durables is quite elaborate, as many members with their diverse view are involved in it. At the same time, the characteristics of Indian families are fast changing. Indian families are presently in a state of flux, shifting from being strictly hierarchical to more egalitarian in character. This is all because of a sea change in the structure of income distribution (as shown in the table) where: †¢High-income class is expanding very fast. Middle-income classes bulging in size especially in rural India. †¢During the post reform period the rate of growth in the upper income categories was much higher, compared to the corresponding decline in the size of the low-income class. The growth of the top most income class after 1995-96 has been of the order of about 19%. †¢A significant negative growth in the urban low-income class was observed in south and west India, followed by north India. The High class consumers are at the top end with the mindset: â€Å"I pay more to get more†, where the purchase is driven by the emotional surplus that the consumer experiences. The mid-level which thinks: â€Å"I get good value at a reasonable price†. More important, however, is the large block at the lower income level which says: â€Å"I pay less and I get less† and is totally satisfied with that. This is probably a segment that many marketers tend to overlook since they feel that there is no existing demand there. Nothing could be further from the truth. The problem was that earlier, there were no goods and services targeting this large chunk; but today companies are reaching out into this segment. There is a growing realisation today that it is easier to compete in the smaller towns because many of the big brands and their marketing managers and sales teams don’t make the effort to travel there. Hence, if one does go there, market share is easy to achieve because even though the overall pie is smaller, there is less competition. Rural –Urban divide: †¢The rural markets are growing. However the level of infrastructure development (including that of the services sector), performance of agriculture, and dependency on Monsoon will determine their further growth. Availability of electricity alone is a critical factor for durable ownership. In urban markets, aspiration is the key — it is all about brands, lifestyles and show-off value. This is followed by quality and finally price. Rural India is driven primarily by price, followed by aspiration and then quality. However, what is important to understand is that the Indian consumer, no matter where he or she is or what category he or she belongs to, still looks for a good bargain. That is a unique Indian characteristic. While they maybe driven by the same desires, there are still differences in the way people live in the non-metropolitan cities when compared with the metropolitan cities or ‘metros’ as they are usually called. A degree of homogeneity may exist in large cities, but there is a disconnect when compared with their counterparts in smaller towns — whether it is regarding their philosophy, their thoughts or their approach to life. You read "Indian Market Diversity" in category "Papers" Thus, marketers today also need to think about creating brands that address these differences in consumers’ lifestyles. The Indian consumer is also maturing fast and is upgrading within product segments at a pace that consumer companies are struggling to keep up with. The mobile phone category is a classic example, where individuals across segments are constantly moving to the next price level as soon as they master the technology of their current phone. Companies therefore have to straddle the whole consumer pyramid rather than being focused on one part of it. These changes have also raised new challenges for old brands. There is a danger of them fading if they do not reinvent themselves to satisfy current needs. As a result, there is a whole new marketing opportunity and challenge for those brands that have to reinvent themselves and try to compete. The retail experience has also created a niche for new products and services. Gadgets like mobile phones are sold through kiranas (small family stores) and telephone booths since those are the outlets that have electricity. This is the total opposite of the mall culture seen in urban India and it is a need that consumer companies will need to address. Indian FMCG market in 1990’s †¢During the 1990’s the rural segment of the FMCG market has grown steadily at over 3% per annum. †¢Market size for products with lower penetration and consumption levels has grown at over 40% per annum during the later half of the 1990’s. Significantly such products are at the higher side of the price line. †¢There are others such as washing materials, toiletries, toothpaste and tea where substitution effects are taking place. The role played by members of the family varies with demographics parameters as well as with the type of products. While a number of psychological variables are useful in obtaining into consumer’s psyche, it is worthwhile to probe into some specific aspects of consumer decision making in order to formulate marketing strategies. In case of a family, the influencer does not usually have expertise but assume their respective roles on the basis of the family dynamics. Once the decision to buy a particular consumer durable product is made and announced. Family members provide what information is available to them about the product, and even assign members to gather information. For collecting additional data, the influencers use any of the four basis sources of information, via, personal, commercial, public and experiential. The degree of acceptance of the information and the preference of the influencers may, however, vary. The entire family members will act as an influencer. The moderator (Whom the influencers confine) may be instructed to collect the desired information. By the early nineties FMCG marketers had figured out two things: †¢Rural markets are vital for survival since the urban markets were getting saturated. Rural markets are extremely price-sensitive. Thus, a number of companies followed the strategy of launching a wide range of package sizes and prices to suit the purchasing preferences of India’s varied consumer segments. Hindustan Lever, a subsidiary of Unilever, coined the term nano-marketing in the early nineties, when it introduced its products in small sachets. Small sachets were introduced in almost all the FMCG segments from oil, shampoo, and detergents to beverages. Cola major, Coke, brought down the average price of its products from around twenty cents to ten cents, bridging the gap between soft drinks and other local options like tea, butter milk or lemon juice. It also doubled the number of outlets in rural areas from 80,000 during 2001 to 160,000 the next year, almost doubling its market penetration from 13 per cent to 25 per cent. This along with greater marketing, led to the rural market accounting for 80 per cent of new Coke drinkers and 30 per cent of its total volumes. Emergence of the new consumer Understanding the Indian consumer market means understanding its individual segments. Three major segments are emerging †¢Kids †¢The Youth (including the young working singles) †¢The Urban Indian Woman These segments have shown a tremendous increase in influencing and driving purchase decisions and hence are huge drivers of change in the consumer market. Purchases are being driven not by necessity, but to satisfy individual needs. A high-potential emerging market is also the vast rural hinterland, which has its own unique characteristics. Kids: Getting older younger There are 300 million children aged between 4–14 years in India — a vast market by any standards. The role that children play in purchase decisions has changed dramatically in the past 4–5 years. From pester power, kids have changed their role to becoming influencers, this is not only in product categories like confectionary and toys, but in larger long term use categories such as cars, electronics and even consumer durables like refrigerators and air conditioners, which were, traditionally, decisions taken by parents. Today the roles are reversed, with kids pointing out the pros and cons of purchase decisions to their parents. In fact, in the older age group, kids have actually become consultants, whom parents turn to for advice during the decision-making process. Another driver is their mastery of technology, which is a primary component of a high proportion of new products in the market. The relative ease with which they are able to grasp technicalities and understand product features and usability (or lack of) has made them experts in the eyes of their parents. Youth – Charting their own path: With the majority of India’s population below the age of 25 years, young consumer market is the primary target of every consumer goods company. The trend towards homogeneity is also apparent in terms of aspiration between segments and there is no difference in the mindset of the younger demographic. The aspirations of the youth are the same, driven primarily by the fact that they are all Internet savvy and this has given them equal access to information. Along with the love for brands and gadgets, they are equally comfortable with Indian values and Indian culture. Life is about visiting religious centres with their parents and then spending the evening with friends at the local club or a similar social venue. Indian youth are also very patriotic, not in the classical, pre-independence sense but in a modern sense which reflects their pride in being Indian in today’s world. As a segment, they are on the whole sensible, very clear about what they want to achieve in their lives and not easily carried away by hype and show. The outsourcing phenomenon in India ha has been the main driver of this consumer segment. A larger number of younger people now have cash in hand and this combined with increasing brand awareness has resulted in a lot of spending on leisure and personal gratification. This has also brought about a dramatic change in the concept of saving. The young generation lives for today, the concept of saving for a rainy day is alien to most of them — especially since the majority of them have not experienced shortages in their lives. This is also a segment constantly on the move — mentally and physically. The young do not want to be at home and are spending twice the amount of time outside the house than they would have done a couple of years ago. So, whether they are at a multiplex, a mall or a cyber cafe, hanging out with friends is a clear preference. The Urban Woman: Defining her own space In India, it has been a long accepted fact that it is the women in a family who define the environment at home. In the urban cities and even in small towns, they have been the ‘silent influencers’ for some time now, directing family purchases and expenditures. It is only recently, however, that the urban woman has come into her own, and today there is no looking back from her newly gained independence. In the past five years, there has been a large increase in the product categories specifically targeted towards the urban woman. Be it mobile phones, computers, apparel, jewellery or even financial products, women in the cities are finding themselves spoilt for choice. One prominent manifestation of this segment is seen in the daily soap operas on Indian television. While the characters may seem regressive at first glance, increasing viewership has proved that they have struck a chord — whether the woman is a homemaker or a professional. Today women go out with each other, a trend that was not seen previously. They are also much more into indulgence and satisfying their emotional self. † So, whether it is spending time at clubs with friends, pampering herself at the salon, experimenting with cosmetic surgery or enrolling at the fitness centre, the need to look good has now become a priority. It is no longer only about getting married and having kids. Implications for marketers: †¢Commoditisation of brands: Routine items and white goods will be bought on price, accessibility and not for brand values. †¢Novelty will not be a reason for trial: The new generation consumer will try to simplify complexity by dropping into routine behaviours. †¢Brand will be for pleasure: Brand will have to redefine role, where consumers are physically more satisfied and psychologically more confidant. †¢Evaluation parameter of brand will change: When consumers are going to continuously ask about the long-term safety/ effects of using How to cite Indian Market Diversity, Papers

World Population Growth free essay sample

The world’s population is ageing. Virtually every country in the world is experiencing growth in the number and proportion of older persons in their population. According to World Population Prospects, (2015), the general increase in the number of older persons in the world today, could be regarded to be one of the most significant social transformations of the twenty-first century, but not without implications for all sphere of life. Preparing for the economic and social shifts associated with an ageing population is thus essential to ensure an adequate care for the aged, as well as meet up with the challenges of ageing. According to United Nation’s report on World Ageing Population (2015), knowledge of population ageing is particularly relevant in many ways, for instance; for the goals on poverty eradication, ensuring healthy lives and well-being at all ages, but in a special way for better planning so as to plan for long term care of the older adults. We will write a custom essay sample on World Population Growth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The 2002 Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing [M.I.P.A.A.] adopted during the Second World Assembly on Ageing, highlighted the need to consider older persons in development planning, emphasizing that older persons should be able to participate in and benefit equitably from the fruits of development to advance their health and well-being, and that societies should provide enabling environments for them to do so. (UN, 2015). As populations become increasingly aged, it is more important than ever that governments, civil societies, Faith Based organizations, and the entire nations to contribute in designing policies, public services and organized long term care older adults. Population ageing is in as a result of positive changes in fertility and mortality that are associated with economic and social development. There is a progress in child mortality reduction, improved access to education and employment opportunities, better reproductive health, etc. Additionally, improvements in public health and medical technologies, along with advancement in living conditions. These contribute to people living longer, because they decline fertility and help in increasing longevity. In other words, there is a reduction in birthrate, while the older persons continue to live. Ageing is taking place all over the world, but at a different pace in the different countries of the world. The pace of population ageing in many developing countries today is substantially faster than occurred in developed countries in the past. (United Nation [UN] 2013 and 2015).

George Balanchine Essays - Ballet Choreographers, Ballet Masters

George Balanchine 11.13.00 One of the most important and influential people in the world of ballet is George Balanchine. He became a legend long before he died. He brought the standards of dance up to a level that had never been seen before, and he created a new audience for ballet. Balanchine was one of the greatest and most prolific choreographers in ballet history, choreographing at least 300 ballets; he was rivaled in quantity only by Jules Perrot and Marius Petipa. At the age of nine he started training at the Imperial School in St. Petersburg. He rarely saw his family because they lived far away and he became the ward of Grigory Grigorevich, who was in charge of the school. There Balanchine performed his first role as cupid in Sleeping Beauty. During the Russian Revolution in 1917, the Imperial School closed and the students were put out on the street. Balanchine was cut off from his family in the Caucasus, and was taken in to live with Mr. Grigorevich. The school did reopen and Balanchine graduated in 1921. He then joined the Soviet State Ballet. Upon graduation Balanchine married Geva, a fellow student whom he had met in the ballroom dancing class. Geva described her husband as a cross between a poet and a general. In order to have his choreography seen, Blanchine organized a small company called The Young Ballet, to perform at halturas (bread and butter jobs). At the Maryinsky, Balanchine had been assigned to stage the procession in Rimski-Korsakoff's opera Coq d'Or, and what he devised, although beautiful, shattered tradition. The company tried to re-train him, but he wouldn't conform. His choreography continued to be controversial, so the board at the Maryinsky Theater dismissed him from the company. They also threatened all of Blanchine's dancers with the same fate if they continued to dance for him. In 1924, with Vladimir Dimitriev's help, Balanchine, Tamara Geva, Nicholas Efimov, and Alexandra Danilova formed the Soviet State Dancers, and were allowed to tour Germany during the Maryinsky vacation. They decided not to return to Russia, but to defect and go to England. The small company did so poorly in London that they were bought out of their contracts. They then went to Paris in hopes of finding work. Serge Diaghilev heard of this Russian company and sent for them. He hired the four dancers, and also allowed Dimitriev to work for the company. Diaghilev thought the Georgian's name Balanchivadze was too difficult to pronounce and changed it to Balanchine. Diaghilev was immediately impressed with Balanchine's creative ballets and wanted him to choreograph for the opera in Monte Carlo. For the Ballets Russes he created Apollo in 1928 and The Prodigal Son in 1929, which have remained Blanchine's signature pieces to this day. In 1926 Geva divorced him and went to America, and Alexan dra Danilova became his unofficial wife. In 1929, while still with the Diaghilev company. Balanchine choreographed and danced in Dark Red Roses, the first talking motion picture in England. It was at this time that Balanchine heard of Diaghilev's death, leaving him and the entire Ballets Russes without work. George Balanchine past successes found him work as a choreographer in London, Copenhagen, Paris and also for a new company in Monte Carlo under the sponsorship of the Monaco Royal House. Rene Blum and Colonel William de Basil were the impresario and director of the Ballets Russes de Monte Carlo. Balanchine was fired from the Blum - De Basil company because of his unorthodox choreography and was replaced by Leonide Massine. In 1933 Balanchine formed his own company, Les Ballet 1933. It opened to poor reviews in Paris and gave only 20 performances in England. It was in England that he met his future benefactor, Lincoln Kirstein, a wealthy young American. Kirstein, with his friend Edward M.M.Warburg, invited Balanchine and Vladimir Dimitriev to come to America in order to open a ballet school in Hartford, Conn., far away from the enticements of Broadway. Since the stage at the Hartford Museum was too small for ballet performances Balanchine refused the offer. Kirstein searched the island of Manhattan until he found an appropriate place. The School of American Ballet (SAB) opened at 59th Street and Madison

Review of Professional Ethics essays

Review of Professional Ethics essays A Review of Professional Ethics Codes: How the AFP (Association of Fundraising Professionals) Code of Ethical Principles and Standards of Professional Practice Compares Introduction: In this paper, the ethical code of the Association of Fundraising Professionals (AFP) is compared with the ethical codes of five other professional organizations in order to more completely discover those areas in which the AFP Code is on solid footing with other, like organizations, as well as where the AFP Code may be lacking from an objective viewpoint. The comparative codes used were some of the best-written professional conduct codes from various well-respected professions of our society. These codes are: American Bar Association (ABA) Creed American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) Code of Professional Conduct and Bylaws American Medical Association (AMA) Oath and Law of Hippocrates American Association of Political Consultants (AAPC) Code of Ethics United States Department of Commerce (DOC) Model of Business Principles Professional ethical codes have been in existence for thousands of years. Just as codes were established to protect professions from outside contamination (i.e.: a person pretending to be a physician when s/he was not) and external regulation; so too have ethical codes become shields for the clients using the services of those various professions. Ethical codes and professional creeds of practice often protect the public from unseemly actions of the practitioner. They also provide direction for the training of new professionals. Standards of conduct for actions taken while performing services or even standards of conduct in general life, which would reflect negatively on the individual as a member of the profession are sometimes addressed, as well as a sense of organization around a professional that could establish a corporation or guild, with regu...

Nietzsche Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Nietzsche - Essay Example Before interpreting the essay, one should also put it into context. This essay was written when Nietzsche himself was sick. He was a medical orderly in the Franco-Prussian War and he contracted several diseases during his duty. As his health declined, his works became more prolific, probably because he had more time to think. It is worthwhile to note that Nietzsche was the father of â€Å"nihilism†. With Germany unified at his time, it was understandable that his nation was quite optimistic about science and knowledge and their future. Nietzsche prophetically noted that the German’s fanatic optimism, nationalism and religiosity (Christianity; most were Anti-Semitic) would lead the nation to war. Nietzsche was never a believer of absolutes. He has a quote, â€Å"You have your way. I have my way. As for the correct way, and the only way, it does not exist†. On the Genealogy of Morals is an essay the traces the â€Å"origin† or â€Å"genealogy† of these morals. It is a critique of the modern people’s moral judgments and it is made up of three essays, using the genealogical method which examines the origin of some of these moral beliefs and the quality of life that the modern man leads. The Genealogy of Morals calls for suspension of certain beliefs in certain truths, and as this is a critique for morals, it calls for the reader to suspend some of the assumptions that he has pertaining to morals. For Nietzsche, some things have different meanings at different times and The Genealogy of Morals attempts to explain certain things the evolution certain things have undergone, especially morals. In a society, for instance, morals are treated as something sacred by virtue of values and religion. However, these morals are never absolute as their meanings are dynamic and may change depending on a situation. Hence, Nietzsche does not believe on reality because it may change any moment, as they are only socially constructed (and society is also

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 34

Case study - Essay Example The mediator does not enjoy a determinative or advisory function, with respect to the dispute or the outcome of its resolution (Spencer & Brogan, 2006, p. 8). NADRAC’s model of mediation entails a neutral third party intervention, vis-Ã  -vis the dispute in question. It facilitates the disputants to arrive at an agreement. Considerable variation can occur, with regard to the extent to which the mediator intervenes. However, this does not extend to deciding the outcome. The mediator can suggest methods for resolving the dispute (Astor & Chinkin, 2002, p. 84). Several means of procuring the assistance of experts are available to disputing parties. In general, these entail the third party conducting an independent examination of a few of the circumstances of the dispute and providing a report of such investigation to these parties. On occasion, the mediator could also provide advice regarding desirable, probable and possible results (Astor & Chinkin, 2002, p. 89). The mediator conducts an investigation of the dispute and furnishes advice regarding the disputed facts. As such, expert appraisal provides an independent, impartial, and objective evaluation of the disputed issues. This is made available by an expert appointed for this purpose by the disputing parties (Astor & Chinkin, 2002, p. 89). The expert cannot make recommendations, although further negotiations can be based on his opinion. Nevertheless, he can employ the findings to suggest desirable, probable and possible outcomes to the dispute. Upon the parties consenting to the factual findings being final and binding, the process acquires a determinative aspect (Young, 2001). For the above scenario, I employed the Expert Appraisal and Determination method of Alternative Dispute Resolution, as the dispute requires an expert opinion regarding the absence of air bags in the car. Since there are no precedents in this area, an expert can provide a suitable solution to the problem, after

Information Technology and the Reduction of Carbon Footprints

Information Technology and the Reduction of Carbon Footprints Information Technology has become part and parcel of the business processes across industries and the global pursuit of going Green will remain unachieved unless IT enables the reduction of Carbon-Footprints. Green-IT is an endeavor to shift to more efficient products and approaches to allow us to compensate more equipment within the given energy foot-print. Regulations on the building of data-centers, better technologies to do so, environment friendly usage of technology are the key-focus areas of Green-IT. Green IT was the Top Strategic Technology for the year 2008 as per Gartner. It went ahead of the multi-core chips, powers supplies, fans and power management soft-wares and a lot of innovation, re-thinking and re-designing is happening in the technology vendor and business processes sphere. IT is all-encompassing and holistic, supporting all the functions like supply-chain, logistics, travel, facility management, collaboration, personnel management and the overall brand. In his book, Green to Gold, Daniel Esty a Yale Professor, elucidates that IT leaves its fingerprints on all the business processes and its carbon-foot prints are also every-where. IT has the responsibility as well as the opportunity to combat this menace. Role of Information Technology in going Green to Gold Information technology is an industry which has grown at a remarkably fast pace in the last few decades Fast growing computers and telecom network, ever-increasing demands for computing power, rapid increase in usage of computers, PCs, laptops, data-centers, mobile phones, etc have caused IT to leave a lot of Carbon-foot prints across the globe. The foot-prints are heading more towards the developing and less-developed countries. These ICT driven devices would become the biggest green-house gas emitters by 2020. But it has a potential to reduce far more of the carbon-footprints than it causes. A McKinsey study has found that IT can help in eliminating 7.8 metric gigatons of greenhouse gas emissions annually by 2020 which is equivalent to 15 percent of global emissions today and five times more than the estimated emissions from these technologies in 2020. Source: McKinsey Report, How IT can reduce Carbon Emission, 2008 The carbon-foot print has been calculated on the basis of levels of emissions associated with the usage, manufacture and distribution of ICT. ICT emits about 2% of the emission globally which is estimated to become 3% or 1.54 metric gigatons, twice of what the UK produces today. The rapid development in ICT in the countries like China, India and Brazil will cause the increase in gas-emission. The rapid development in ICT in the countries like China, India and Brazil will cause major increase in gas-emission. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Emissions from manufacture and usage of PCs will double by 2020 owing to digitalization of middle class in the developing countries. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Mobile-phones carbon-foot prints will triple by 2020 majorly due to consumption of silicon and other rare metals. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ But most of the damage is caused due to increase in size and number of data-centers serving the un-quenchable thirst for increased computing and processing power. This emission is expected to become 5-folds by 2020 as compared to what it was in 2002. As the crisis is becoming fiercer by the day, its high time that corporate and government has started paying heed to this. The technological advancement in the field of information and communication can be used to abate the emission of green-house gases caused by the very growth of ICT itself. Some of the possible technological solutions are explained below. Virtualization 2.0: Virtualization enables to do more with less. The technology allows for consolidation of large no. of individual machines on one large server (like high density blade servers) resulting in lesser effective cost, and easier management. It also improves the productivity and overall ROI of the IT infrastructure with the use of SANs (Storage Area Networks) and other NAS (Network Attached Storage) devices which reduce redundancy and idle time for the scarce, energy guzzling resources. Virtualization improves the server utilization rates resulting in lesser no. of data centers required. The technology enables lesser energy consumption, lesser green house-gas emission, reduced heat generation, and lesser production of e-wastes. According to Gartner, the total number of virtual machines deployed worldwide is expected to increase from 540,000 at the end of 2006 to more than 4 million by 2009. This technology can reduce the power consumption of data centers by 50-80 % and floor space by 65%. Virtualization tops the list of top 10 Strategic technologies for 2009 published by Gartner. With Green IT being at number 4. Material Recycling: Around 20-30% of IT equipments become obsolete each year. The IT sector companies generated 3.3 lakh tones of e-wastes in the year 2007 in India. This number is expected to increase to 4.7 lakh tones by the end of 2011. IT sector during the course of their normal activities do not put much strain on the natural resources. But the wastes that they create like CPU, servers, printer cartridge etc. cause much strain on the ecological balance. Many components of the e-wastes have plastic blends which do not bio-degrade easily. The e-wastes also contain lead, cadmium, mercury and bromine flame retardants which are harmful to environment. The lead in computer monitors (approx. 20% by weight); chips in mother board are all highly damaging to environment. As per EPA estimates nearly 3 billion units of used electronic items will end up as waste in 2010. The average life of a desktop in USA has reduced to approximately 2 years. The consequence of reducing life span of electronics good is increase in amount of e-Waste. The expenditure on IT equipment is exorbitant (almost double in 5 years) and so is the toll these put by them on the natural resources. If practices are adopted that increase their useful life, it will contribute a lot in tackling the problem of e-wastes. Many experts consider it as very effective way to tackle the problems of e-Waste; by reducing their creation. E-Waste recycling helps us to recover some more value from the scrap/waste, reduce using up natural resources and prevent contamination of land and water by toxic wastes. One way to deal with e-Wastes is to return the old machines back to the manufactures. In case the original manufacturer does not take the product back, it can be given to a responsible recycler. When the recyclers get e-Wastes they try to make it reusable by making changes in the equipments. Then the wastes are stripped into different components (process called de-manufacturing). The broad categories to which de-manufacturing is done can be to segregate plastics, metal non-ferrous and ferrous parts, circuit boards, CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) glass and Wood wastes. The steps followed at one such recycler (Waste Management) are shown below After de-manufacturing parts are boxed and shipped for sale and re-use. The parts that cannot be re-used are sent for recycling and for safe disposal so that toxic parts do not come in contact with humans via rain water or land. e-waste management in India In India there had been no law/guidelines governing e-Wastes for a long time. However few states like Karnataka have started making rules related to e-Wastes and in April 2008 for the first time Government came up with guidelines on disposal of e-Waste. Out of the total e-Waste created only two fifth used to get recycled. Now India is also adopting Extended Producer Responsibility, as per which now the producers will have to take responsibility for the entire life cycle of their products. So they will also have to take the responsibility of the recycling of their products. For this they can take the help of a registered recycler or start their own recycling plant or make products that have very low level of toxic products and use such process so that at a later date recycling cost can be curtailed. When talking about managing the e-Waste, the biggest challenge is tracking the machines so that the companies can collect them and get them recycled. This will call for great investment in infrastructure and lot of data base management. Many companies operating in India provide such services in other nation because the rules of the land dictate so. In India the rules were lax hence this practice was not adopted. However with Governments intent of implementation of EPR, things are likely to change in future. One way to ensure better collection of e-Wastes can be to provide some financial incentives if they collect and recycle more than a certain amount of e-Waste. Regarding dumping of e-Wastes in India the law of country declares such activities as illegal. But the rules allow donation or charity electronic goods to come in the nation. Many companies exploit this loophole to dump their e-Waste in India, in the garb of charity. Till recently nearly 70% of the e-Waste in recycling plants of India had been exported or dumped or given as charity to India. India needs to make rules to stop such digital-dumping in future. Green Computing: It is the study and practice of using computing resources efficiently. It aims at reducing the hazardous materials, maximizing energy efficiency during products life time and promoting recyclability and bio-degradability of the defunct e-waste. A plethora of initiatives are being taken in this regards like à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Climate Savers Computing Initiative (CSCI) which aims at reducing the electric power consumption by PCs in active and inactive states. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The Green Electronic Council has come up with Electronic Product Environmental Assessment tool (EPEAT) like The Electronics Environmental Benefits Calculator (EEBC) which assists the purchasers in evaluating green products by providing certificates like EPEAT Bronzeà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢, EPEAT Silverà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢, and EPEAT Goldà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ on the basis of compliance with the eco-friendly norms. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ There are global consortiums like The Green Grid (which has members like Microsoft, IBM, Dell, AMD, Sun Microsystems, and VMware etc) and non-profit organizations like Green Computing Impact Organization are also working in the field of green computing. Power Management: There are a number of open industry standards like Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) which allow operating systems to control the power saving options of the underlying hardware. For example à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ CPU performance-stepping that dynamically adjusts the energy requirements of processor in proportion to the load. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Dynamic control of servers internal fan, Liquid cooling agents, and judicious arrangement of equipments in datacenters as per hot aisle/cold aisle layout also aids in reducing energy consumption. Efficient power supply and power management of a desktop computer can reduce in-use power consumption by 10-30%. Thin-client computing can reduce life-cycle energy consumption by 70-80%. . Video-conferencing Telecommuting: A lot of companies have adopted Video-conferencing and Telepresence technologies to reduce carbon-emission related to employee travel, to reduce office-space, heating and lighting expenditure. For example 40% of the Suns employees use telecommuting. This helped in saving an estimated 29,000 tons of CO2 emissions and enabled company cut on 6,660 office seats thus cutting real estate cost by $63 million in the last fiscal year. Other initiatives like hotelling or flexible work-place reduce the space required per employee as space is reserved only when it is needed. Flexible timing and working from home also contribute to reduced green-house gas emission and power consumption. Small Green Initiatives: Paper-less Business Paradigm: In a small and cost-effective way IT can assist in dematerializing the goods and processes by establishing paper-less work-place. Double-sided printing reduces paper consumption up to 40%. A paperless process is 100% paper free. Initiatives like Green PDFs which emphasize paper-less usage and sharing of information electronically can be taken. The technology enabled tele-work for processes like e-billing, e-taxation and e-governance will reduce the deforestation and emission of green-house gases from fuels. Though it will consume electricity, but this model remains viable given the un-utilized exorbitant processing and storage capacities of computers and the amount of reliability, portability, retrieval efficiency and availability it provides. ICT can facilitate in cutting down far more emission than it causes if energy productivity is focused in the sectors of buildings, power, transport and manufacturing. Building Manufacturing Power Transportation Optimize energy usage, Reduce office-space, Telecommuting, Work from home Smart Control systems for motors Sensors in Grids to monitor power loss and theft Smart technologies to manage truck logistics etc , Process of dematerialization of goods and processes Better architecture, efficient technology to monitor lighting, heating ventilation E.g. In China, some plants could cut emission by 200 metric megaton per year One grid in India reduced power loss by 15% by the use of sensors Reducing transportation through telecommuting, video conferencing, internet shopping, downloading content Smart buildings can save up to 2.03 metric tons by 2020 By 2020, 0.68 metric gigatons can be saved annually Globally efficient grids can cut 2.03 gigatons of emissions by2020 0.5 metric gigatons a year can be reduced by this Economic downturn and Green IT Global warming unlike the current economic scenario is not cyclical in nature. To tide over the problem of global warming companies had started taking attempts to be greener. Naturally Green IT was a part of many such endeavors. In the current economic downturn IT is looked upon as a medium to remove inefficiencies of the processes. However the fact still remains that the current economic scenario has caused the IT budget across industries to decrease. The global economic meltdown has caused short term liquidity crisis and lack of faith, which has resulted in many long term projects being put on shelf. Pursuing a long term strategic plan involves huge investment in research and development, in implementation cost etc. Investment in Green IT, if done properly, will lead to good returns in long run. But the impact of the current short term- medium term economic crisis is that it has lead to projects of Green IT being put on back seats. However companies having means and willingness to pursue their long term ambitions still keep Green IT on the priority list. Companies from non IT business domain have continued their endeavors of becoming greener in their IT related activities and are going for upgrading of old infrastructure instead of disposing them and are going for environmental friendly servers. Conclusion The rate at which man has recklessly harnessed the natural environment has brought him to the crisis where he faces struggle for existence. Its high time that businesses realize the gravity of situation and mend their ways. Information and Communication Technology which invariably touches every aspect of the business holds a lot of responsibility as well as opportunity to reduce the carbon-footprints created by man. Green-IT is a two-pronged solution to this problem where-in it can reduce the emission caused by IT itself by technologies like virtualization, better e-waste management, better power management as well as it can assist other businesses and technologies in reducing their carbon-emissions by enabling resource sharing and establishing paradigms like paper-less offices, telecommuting, teleconferencing etc . This way it can first reduce and then help transform the world into a low carbon economy, thereby restoring Greener Earth. Information Technology can indeed take us from Green to Gold .

“In the Heat of the Night”; Movie or Book? Essay

â€Å"In The Heat of the Night† is a gripping murder mystery story that incorporates a major issue of the time it was written at; racism. The original novel (published in 1965), written by John Ball, is a story of Virgil Tibbs, a Negro homicide investigator. The death of orchestra-conductor Enrico Mantoli and a series of other events lead up to him in charge of a murder investigation in Wells, Carolina. This is much to the dismay of Bill Gillespie, the extremely prejudice police chief. The movie version (released in 1967), also features Mr. Tibbs as the leader of a murder investigation. However, the setting is Sparta, Mississippi, and the victim is Philip Colbert, a man planning to build a factory in the town. The movie was very successful, and proceeded to win 5 Academy Awards. Despite this, I find the book is more appealing because the characters are easier to relate to, and have a chance to get well-rounded in a gradual sense. In addition, the plot development steadily makes progress, and is overall less tense, therefore more enjoyable. Both movie and book, however, are quite impressive in the incorporation of racial equality issues, and should equally be recognized as landmarks in American media for this reason. The most prominent change in characters is the personality of Virgil Tibbs. â€Å"Instead of being stretched out on the bench, he was wide awake and sitting up straight as though he were expecting something to happen. His coat was off and laid neatly beside him. He had been reading a paperback book up to the moment Sam entered†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Pg. 15) This is almost identical to the scene where we are introduced to Virgil in the movie. However, the quick-thinking, cold and intense version to be seen later on in the movie was very surprising. The humble, clever and cool homicide investigator from the novel is much preferred. His collected manners also make it all the more enjoyable when seeing Gillespie’s frustration at the Negro’s wits, and all the more heart warming as Sam Wood and Virgil Tibbs start to open up to one another. Also, the movie somewhat exaggerated on Mr. Endicott as being a â€Å"bad guy†. From being somewhat a pest, however definitely not on anyone’s ‘bad books’, too being a plantation owner who sends a group of thugs to beat up Virgil is just ludicrous. It seems he is used as an excuse to bring out another foe, another bit of action to make the movie more exciting. The subtle mystery of not knowing who is â€Å"bad† or â€Å"good† in the novel is a lot more satisfying, perhaps even more once you find out who the real murderer was. The movie, at a full running time of 109 minutes, has quite an exciting plot, with slow parts and exciting action parts. It incorporates many essential things to the original story of ‘In the Heat of the Night’, (such as the association with Delores Purdy) however it differs quite a bit as well. As mentioned above, the setting is in Sparta, Mississippi, where Philip Colbert, planning to build a factory in this town, is murdered. This change of plot on its own removes something that could be considered essential to the plot; romance. The budding relationship between Duena, Enrico Mantoli’s daughter (who doesn’t show up what so ever, seeing as Enrico Mantoli was not the victim) and Officer Sam Wood adds a bit of ‘spice’ that is lacking in the movie. On the topic of Sam Wood, his character being a relatively minor one sets a rather different way of looking at his character. In the book, the reader gets a closer glimpse on Sam Wood’s life, and gets to enjoy his personality and forgiving character more so then the movie. As a result of this, when Sam Wood is suspected of murder, we feel all the more protest and frustration for Gillespie to even dream of this possibility. The movie makes us feel bad for Sam, as it is pretty obvious he is not guilty if Virgil says he is not, but this emotion is lacking compared to the feelings the book inflicts. However, I do prefer the ending of the movie to the book. Instead of the gallant statements of how Bill Gillespie respects Virgil Tibbs as a human, are rather out-there, (if not heart-warming, I have to admit†¦) while the simple good-bye of the movie shows on its own how Gillespie has come to admire and respect Virgil. ‘In the Heat of the Night’, movie or book alike, is an inspiring tale of overcoming prejudice in the backward, racist town in the south- eastern United States. In both forms of media, we see from beginning to end the trials and prejudice thrown at Virgil Tibbs, solely because he is coloured. The inhuman way of dealing with racial hate is disgusting. Virgil Tibbs, however, is always cool and collected, and is an admirable character that will be remembered by everyone who reads or watches ‘In the Heat of the Night’. In being mocked for having a classy name such as ‘Virgil’, and asked what he’s called where he comes from, he responds with the famous line, â€Å"They call me Mister Tibbs.† (pg. 36) This line is present in both film and book, a demanding statement of racial equality that sticks in the reader’s mind. By comparing and contrasting the similarities and differences, it shows that the characters were more subtle and realistic than the movie’s stereotypical good guys and bad guys. Also, the plot of the book was better thought-out, and had many other enjoyable subplots that were lacking in the movie. Through his short stay in Wells, Carolina (or Sparta, Mississippi) Tibbs may not have altered the town’s views on discrimination against blacks, but John Ball left a definite strong imprint about social equality, and in doing so left more questions about human and social behaviour for the reader than simple answers.

Progressive Insurance Essay

Teenagers and young adults in today’s time usually have minds of their own. I honestly believe family, friends, and the media all play major parts in their lives and have great influence on them. Most people think that television, cellphones, and social networking are the causes of their corrupt minds, but in all reality every little aspect has influence on them in some way. Television, cellphones, and social networks, better known as â€Å"the media† plays a great influence on teenagers that’s the new trend at this present time, that’s all teenagers know. Even though family and friends are teenager’s biggest support, they feel the need to run to more. Teenagers and young adults honestly feel as if they can be themselves on these sites sad, but very true. You will soon find out that teenagers will open up and express themselves to Facebook, twitter, and instagram before they open up and talk to their parents about life issues they go through. Right now that’s all teenagers really knows to do. Parents do not enforce rules like they use too. Parents do not make it mandatory that the family have dinner together at the family table. Most parents don’t sit down and talk to their children to make sure they’re doing a good job in school. Days now have parents working two jobs because there’s only one parent in the homes. You also have parents on these social websites with their children making them feel as if it’s okay to do some of those things. After observing the masses, the media has the most influence over our teenagers. It’s sad, but it’s definitely true. Parents need to go back and fix these things, and make better examples for their young ones. It’s never too late.