Research Design Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Design - Research Proposal Example The statement helps the reader to understand the reality that the failure of a number of children to learn to read and write during the initial stage of their schooling has become a serious problem. Many of the children in America and the Asian countries have faced difficulty in learning various language skills such as listening, speaking, reading, and writing. The journal article named Illiteracy in America: What to Do about It notices that â€Å"But the fact t hat so many Americans graduate without these basic reading and writing skills points to the breakdown of this l adder out of illiteracy and underscores the point that it may be the condition of education that is the real determinant of illiteracy.† (Illiteracy in America: What to do about it? 1989). It is evident that the social, economical, and cultural factors play a vital role in promoting literacy problem among the students. The Primary and Secondary level students from both the rural and urban areas have faced the problem of literacy in their learning process. Researchers and educational professionals often mentioned that learning or knowledge acquisition is a complex process. Sentence formation is considered as a major step in language learning. Here, the teacher shows some pictures and objects and asked the students to say what they have observed. Educational philosophers have formed a number of learning theories and techniques for students. â€Å"In the past several years, the constructive thesis has taken on a significant role in the theorizations and practices of the international education community.† (Larochelle, Bednarz & Garrison, 1998). Exponents of social constructive theory argue that; â€Å"According to Vygotsky, humans use tools that develop from a culture, such as speech and writing, to mediate their social environments.† (Social development theory (Vygotsky), 2008). Students show

Politics and the AIDS epidemic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Politics and the AIDS epidemic - Research Paper Example The part of the world that is affected worst by HIV infection is the sub-Saharan Africa. As of now, their is neither a cure nor a vaccine for AIDS. Thus, combating the disease is a major challenge for health care providers and biomedical scientists. AIDS and HIV infection represents one of the most public -pressing public health policy and public health problem in the world. Currently AIDS is pandemic and has significant impact on the health care costs. In the current era, HIV infection is considered to be in the end stage of a chronic disease with rapid spread among Hispanics and Blacks (Fox, 1990). Though the disease was first identified in 1981, the mode of transmission of the disease and causating agent was discovered only in 1984. In 1985, detection of the virus was developed and applied to blood transfusions. In 1987, anti-retroviral agents were manufactured and since then there has been constant upgrading of drugs to combat infection, but with no cure or vaccine for the diseas e. Currently, it is estimated that 850,000 to 950,000 Americans are living with HIV infection/AIDS (Kates, 2004). The disease is a national epidemic with severe effect on specific groups like injection drug users, gay and bisexual men, young individuals and racial and ethnic minorities. Currently, it is also increasingly affecting communities which are economically backward and also women. Since the time AIDS was diagnosed for the first time in the United States, the relationships among politics, science and health care policy have changed drastically. In the 1980s, the HIV epidemic's politics were dominated mainly by four interacting factors fear and fascination, individuals involved in the contraction and spread of the disease, endemic problems of the social policy of United States and the impact of scientific knowledge advances on policy (Fox, 1990). During the initial years, politics was considered as inimical for prevention, but not it is considered as central. The main challen ge is to facilitate prevention of spread of the virus through policies that protect the most vulnerable population. During the first decade of the AIDS epidemic in the US, the policies were hostile to several areas of research like sexuality and meedle exchange. The political climate last decade was more sympathetic and effective health policies were not there because of two important issues. One was the issue as to whether efforts towards prevention was to be targeted for high risk populations and high risk geographic areas alone, or, must be broadly based. The other was issue was uncertainty of involvement of democratic participation including various local health departments, federal government agencies and community-based organizations (Bayer, 1997). As far as international politics with regard to HIV infection/AIDS is concerned, World Bank has a major role to play for international health with regard to AIDS pandemic. The bank is mainly responsible for various efforts to combat factors contributing to the AIDS like poverty, in countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America. Initially, several structural adjustment programs which were often criticized by the critics were promoted. These developed several negative consequences and the World Bank, along with International Monetary Fund focused on health related issues. AIDS evoked political response and also government action. It was initially

Life Of Pi | Analysis

Life Of Pi | Analysis The book Life of Pi shows the Freuds theory on the unconscious mind in ones personality. According to Freuds theory, the mind can be divided into two main parts, which is the conscious mind and the unconscious mind. Unconscious mind is the greatest, and most potentially threatening is unseen from the surface. The conscious mind is actively aware of all that is going on. But the unconscious mind influences ones personality and behavior without even noticing it. In other words, this underlying influence is what each and everyone is unaware of. Pi experiences both conscious mind and unconscious mind. He was consciously planning carefully how he was going to survive in the sea by planning how he was going to spend his food so that food doesnt run out of supply. His conscious mind paid huge contributions in helping him to survive in the sea. When Pi was young, his father brought him and Ravi to the zoo to witness the brutality of the animals. He threw a goat into an enclosed cage with a t iger. As expected, the tiger eats the goat ferociously. Pis fathers purpose of doing so was to explain how dangerous animals could be. Pi was unaware that this gruesome event has changed his personality to become more ferocious. In order to survive in the sea, Pi killed fishes, sea turtles, a bird and meerakats to quench his thirst and prevent him to suffer from hunger. Hunger knows no friend but its feeder (Aristophanes 1) The quote means that when one is in the state of food deprived, one would do anything to satisfy the hunger. Pi unconsciously turned into someone else when he was food deprived. Pi was totally unaware of it because he relied on his survival instincts to keep himself alive against all odds. This clearly shows that hunger has drove Pi to act in ways that he never thought of doing in his years of life. Another Freud theory would be the Iceberg theory. Iceberg theory states that the soul of an individual is shaped like an iceberg. The part of the mind which is visible for all to see is the superego and the ego, both are the rational parts of the mind. What lies beneath the surface is a much larger area that is kept away from the public view, in other words, another self that is kept hidden away. Although Pi is a person who has his religions best interest at heart, he is deeply principled, however, he has an animal inside of him who later presents itself throughout his ordeal at sea. And that animal would be Richard Parker. It was a state of tense, breathless bored. (Martel 155) demonstrates that Pi was feeling forlorn and bored on the raft. This is the reason Richard Parker is Pi because it was all the imaginations of Pi. Pi had his survival instinct, Richard Parker inside of him. I held on to one thought: Richard Parker. I hatched several plans to get rid of him so that the life boat might be mine. (Martel 210) The id is the driving force of the unconscious. It was fear of death that drove Pi to come out with the six plans to get rid of Richard Parker. His id was so overwhelming that it overcomes his superego because he wants to stay alive. This shows that a persons id dominates the superego when one is struggling in between the life and death situation. Pi would not be able to survive if his superego was stronger than his id. Besides that, Pavlov had a theory about conditioning. The theory suggests that association to the unconditioned stimulus is made with the conditioned stimulus within the brain, but without involving the conscious part of the mind. Pi shows this theory by using a whistle to condition Richard Parker. TREEEEEE ! TREEEEEE ! TREEEEEE! (Martel 127) Moreover, Pi gives Richard Parker a share of his food and water in order to manipulate his mind in thinking that he needs Pi in order to survive. In such a way, Richard Parker has been conditioned to follow Pis commands using a whistle, food and water. The sound of the whistle acted as if it was a whip and a chair used by the ringmaster to tame the lion in a circus. Pi came up with a series of training program to condition Richard Parker such as make him drink from a pail, supplying him with food and ask him to do tricks by jumping through a hoop to let him know that who is the alpha. It successfully helped Pi to survive with Richard Parker. P i also conditioned Richard Parker by playing his feces. To display his feces openly, to flaunt the small of them, would have been a sign of social dominance. (Martel 283) Richard Parker has been conditioned to rely on Pi to survive. Thus, the theory of Palvol is clearly shown in Life of Pi. In addition, in the story Life of Pi, there is also the theory of human motivation proposed by Abraham Maslow. There is a hierarchy of Maslow in conjunction with the Maslows theory. The hierarchy of Maslow is depicted as a pyramid made up of five levels in total. Firstly, the lowest level and also the dominant level is the physiological needs. The others are growth needs namely safety, love, esteem and self actualization. Physiological needs such as air, food and water are vital to ensure human survival. When one is satisfied with physiological needs, with equal passion, one sought for safety which is the second level of hierarchy of Maslow. Pi was motivated to live by fear. Richard Parker was the one who inflicted fear on Pi to keep him surviving. I must say a word about fear. It is lifes true only opponent. Only fear can defeat life. (Martel 214) Pi was motivated to not give up on his life so easily. Instead, he fought like a warrior so that he could survive this painful tragedy. Pi also admitted that if Richard Parker was not exist, he would already gave up on his life. It was Richard Parker who calmed me down. It is the irony of this story that the one who scared me witless to start with was the very same who brought me peace, purpose, I dare say even wholeless. (Martel 216) This quote has proven that Pi survived the loneliness in the company of Richard Parker. In conclusion, the story Life of Pi is the perfect material to be analyze under psychoanalytic lens as there are various parts of the story which touches the primacy of Freud theory, Iceberg theory, Palvol theory and Maslows human motivation theory. Being stranded on a deserted island, the hunger, fear and pain are the natural instincts one could have. These natural instincts are also the literal requirements to the key of survival. It may not be a scientific truth, but its psychological truth. (Aldiss 1) this quote means that a persons personality and behavior may not be able to be proven scientifically, but it can be proven psychologically.

The Great Depression :: essays research papers

October 29,1929 was the day when my world got turned upside down. It was dubbed Black Tuesday because that was the day the Stock Market crashed where many people and corporations frantically tried to sell their stocks before the prices fell to the lowest they've been in years. (pg.485) My husband, our two children and I lived in Chicago during the Great Depression. Our economy has severely declined putting millions of men and women out of jobs including my husband. (486) Before the depression his income would total up to several thousand dollars a year but now we are lucky if we even get a quarter of that. The Red Cross has set up soup kitchens and bread lines for the poor. (pg. 491) My husband has spent many hours waiting in lines to receive fresh bread for the family. I refuse to stand there on the streets begging for food, I have to much pride and will not be seen stooping to such levels of the poor. The few food that we do have left over before the depression is canned and saved in the icebox for winter. I used to be able to go out and pay for new clothes for my children but once again that pleasure is stripped from me as I now sit hours a day sewing from scratch. Because material is so hard to come by at a cheap price, I try and gather as many scraps of old or used material as I can so I may sew them together to create a quilt for the family to use at night. With all of these domestic duties to complete at home its hard to find time to look for one of the scarce jobs available. (pg. 493) Although I would receive less money then the men, it would still provide more income to the house budget. Additionally, the odds of a married woman securing a job are slim. Many people believe that married women have no right to work when there are plenty of single men out of their jobs and suffering. Plebeians assume that I have the easier side of the dilemma because they don?t see me standing in the cold asking for food, but the thing is, I?m doing as much if not more than they are! Not only am I budgeting the household income, I?

Case Report: Jamie Chang Essay

1. Based on the assumption that all data collected are accurate and the methods used to collect are reliable, the EOQ calculations are correct. Given by the EOQ model, the optimal Q (quantity of an order) is set by the equation Oopt=[2(Demand Rate)(Order Setup Cost)/(Holding Cost Rate)]^(1/2). In this case, order setup cost=setup hours per order Ãâ€" setup cost per hour; holding cost rate= 30% Ãâ€" product unit cost. 2. Jamie Change only shows the optimal inventory levels for each product A-H, and the decrease in the average inventory level to Garcia, but he overlooks the consequently changes in inventory-related cost (annual ordering cost, annual holding cost, and total cost). As shown below, for product A, D, E, F, G and H, whose present order quantity is higher than EOQ optimal order quantity, the decrease in order quantity increases the ordering cost while decreases the holding cost even more, resulting a decrease in total cost. For product B, whose present order quantity is lower than EOQ optimal order quantity, the increase in order quantity increases the holding cost while decreases the ordering cost even more, resulting a decrease in total cost. For product C, whose present order quantity is similar to EOQ optimal order quantity, the holding cost, ordering cost and total cost don’t change much. Annual ordering cost = (yearly demand)/(order quantity) Ãâ€" (setup hours per order) Ãâ€" 25 Annual holding cost = 30% Ãâ€" (product unit cost) Ãâ€" (order quantitiy/2) Annual total cost = annual ordering cost + annual holding cost In general, the EOQ optimal order quantity will decrease the inventory-related total cost to the lowest level, which Jamie Change doesn’t explain really clearly to Garcia. 3. Generally speaking, to balance the costs with the desire to have the right products for customers, we have to take all kinds of costs into account, such as the inventory costs, rent, personnel expenses, cost of goods sold, etc. Then we try to find the right quantity to produce, price to sell, to meet the demand with the lowest cost. But here Lynn Rosen is talking more  about the inventory cost. When he talks about customer-service level and inventory investment, he’s actually talking about meeting customers’ demand with optical inventory total cost. As is shown below, when he says unnecessary investment in inventories, he means the amount of cost higher than the lowest cost due to non-optimal order quantity. To improve the customer service, the demand will definitely increase. According to Oopt=[2(Demand Rate)(Order Setup Cost)/(Holding Cost Rate)]^(1/2)ï ¼Å'the increase in demand rate will lead to the increase in Oopt, which will also lead to more inventory cost. As is shown below. 4. From external, customers’ demand stream, especially its variation has a crucial role in determining the â€Å"right†, or optimal amount of inventory. From internal, all the holding cost and ordering cost are also keys determining the optimal amount of inventory.

Law Case Analysis

Law Case Analysis Material Facts and Source of Law The plaintiff William Shelensky was a director who owned a minority stockholder of Defendant Corporation called Chicago National League Ball Club, which operated Chicago Cubs. The Cubs had been suffering operating losses from direct baseball operations from 1961-1965. The director defendant Philip K. Wrigley who owned 80% stock shares did not install lights at Wrigley Field so that the Cubs could not play at night when at home, even though the other 19 major league teams scheduled night games.Defendant (Wrigley) claimed that baseball is a day sport and that playing at night would adversely affect the surrounding neighborhood. William appealed a lawsuit against the director Philip K. Wrigley and other directors that their mismanagement of not building lights for night games was contrary and unrelated to business interest, causing inadequate attendance and company financial losing. Oppositely, defendants argued that courts couldnâ€⠄¢t interfere business decisions unless there is fraud, illegality or conflict of interest.The source of law is case law where the rules of law announced in court decisions. Mr. Justice Sullivan judge on this case based on previous ground rules deprived from other 10 affirmed cases. Specific Legal Issues The case of Shlensky vs. Wrigley involves both question of law and question of fact. It involves question of law because plaintiff and defendant have different positions in interpreting rules. The Plaintiff holds that fraud, illegality and conflict of interest are not the only bases for stockholder to sue the directors while the defendant hold opposite position.Therefore, it needs judge to interpret and apply the law in this case. It also involves the question of fact, which is whether it likes plaintiff’s saying that defendants’ refusal of constructing lights for night games attributed to the company loss. Plaintiff’s Argument Plaintiff Shensky was advocating f or the damages for mismanagement of directors. The plaintiff also required the defendant to install the lights in Wrigley Field and schedule night baseball games.The Plaintiff claimed that night games would help the company's financial condition, and that the sales from attendance at night games would pay for the cost of the lights. However, directors refused to install lights in Wrigley Field because the personal view that night baseball games would disturb surrounding neighborhood. Have the directors been negligent in failing to exercise reasonable care and prudence in the management of the corporate affairs by making decisions, not out of a good faith concern for the company, but for personal views.Therefore, The Plaintiff claimed that defendants were liable for mismanagement because reasons of not installing lights were contrary and unrelated to business interests. Defendant’s Argument Defendant Wrigley was advocating for that court could not interfere cooperate affairs i f they did not break the law and contract. Defendant claimed that the reason he insist not installing lights is that baseball is a daytime game and night games would disturb surrounding neighborhood.He also claimed that if night games played, the negative effect from neighborhood would decrease company’s reputation. However, he was willing to play night games if a new stadium was built in Chicago. The defendants argued that their concerning and acting did not break the law, contract and conflict interest. Therefore, the court did not qualify for the responsibility to judge them. Court’s Decision and Rationale The court ultimately revoked the case and affirmed defendants’ failure to schedule night games did not constitute negligence.Firstly, The court feels that unless the conduct of directors borders on one of three elements (fraud, illegality, conflict of interest), the court will not interfere the directors’ decision and behavior. Secondly, the plaintif f’s claims are defective. Plaintiff cannot prove that the decision of not installing lights would bring huge amount of profits to the cooperation because there was no allegation that the night games played by other teams enhanced their financial condition. The plaintiff didn't even take into consideration how much it would cost to maintain the lights.Also, the claim of â€Å"Have the directors failing to exercise reasonable care and prudence in the management of the corporate affairs by making decisions, not out of a good faith concern for the company, but for personal views† is also defective. Because the effect on the surrounding neighborhood is something to be considered when making company decisions, as that affects who attends games as well as the value of the property. The concerning of surrounding neighborhood is a good faith of concern for the company and related to company’s long-term interest.The legal rules used by the court include many court decisio ns from other similar cases. For example, the court relied on language found in Hunter v. Roberts, Throp & Co. , 83 Mich 63, 47 NW 131, 134, â€Å"Courts of equity will not interfere in the management of the directors unless it is clearly made to appear that they are guilty of fraud or misappropriation of the corporate funds, or refuse to declare a dividend when the corporation has a surplus of net profits which it can. The Justice Sullivan applied this rule onto the case of Shlensky. Lessons Learned from the Case After analyzing the Case of William Shlensky and Philip K. Wrigley, what I will take away from reading the case is that courts protect directors’ rational decisions. These decisions may not be very profitable or right in hindsight, but directors are protected from liability so long as there is no fraud, illegality or conflict of interests of shareholders. It is an important case to analysis because the case teaches more than just legal principles.By learning law in context of actual lawsuits, in the case of Shlensky and Wrigley, I learned how disputes arise, how plaintiff and defendant deliver both arguments and how the judge applies previous case law decisions into the current case to make a decision. The judge decides the case based on the real facts other than one party’s claiming. Rather than reading pages of abstract statements of law, the rule that court cannot interfere legal business decision are presented more vividly by real problems involving real people.