Prevention practices free essay sample

The United States Centers for Disease Control evaluates that every year one out of twenty emergency clinic patients will get a Healthcare Associated Infection (HAI). At the point when further inspected, the quantity of tainted patients is roughly 1. 7 million every year bringing about almost 99,000 passings (CDC, 2011). Because of numbers this way, social insurance associations, proficient affiliations, and patient promotion bunches have all propelled activities demonstrating a widespread reaction to this national medicinal services need. Boss among these activities was the joint effort between The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America and the Disease Society of America. The SHEA-IDSA joint distribution on HAI avoidance fabricates an expert establishment for social insurance offices in the Unites States to relieve the danger of HAI contaminated patients. The avoidance systems start by recognizing the most well-known HAIs, their causes, and enumerating the both the human and monetary expenses related with HAIs. Utilizing this data, SHEA and ISDA made counteraction procedures to battle each HAI. This exposition will follow the SHEA-IDSA format by specifying data on the most well-known Healthcare Associated Infection and give enumerating anticipation systems. As indicated by the United States Centers for Disease Control and the SHEA-IDSA report, the most widely recognized Healthcare Associated Infection are Central Line Associated Blood Stream Infections or CLABSI. With about half of all ICU patients requiring a focal line, the measure of recorded CLABSI contaminations is incredibly high. The examination on CLABSI shows the most widely recognized pathogens are Staphylococcus Aureus, Enterococci, and Candida. To all the more likely comprehend the idea of CLABSI episode and thusly utilize avoidance procedures one must comprehend the dynamic of a focal line. The National Healthcare Safety Network characterizes a focal line as â€Å"a catheter whose tip ended in an incredible vessel† (IHI, 2011). The catheter on a focal line punctures the skin, which naturally makes bacterial and contagious diseases conceivable. When the disease has entered the body it can spread to the circulation system. The disease would then be able to cause hemodynamic changes conceivably causing demise of a patient. Confirmation of a contamination is found in the recuperation of a pathogen from a blood culture from a patient who had a focal line. For explanatory purposes, a pathogen not generally present on the skin should just be found in one culture while a pathogen regularly found on the skin must be recognized in at least two societies. So as to be affirmed as a focal line disease, the focal line more likely than not been introduced at least two days preceding the improvement of the contamination and there must be no other clear wellspring of the disease. Concerning cost of Healthcare Associated Infections; both are markers of the hugeness of the issue. As referenced before the 2010 CDC report named â€Å"Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections† expressed 1. 7 million cases happen every year in the United States. As indicated by a similar report 99,000 cases bring about death. The Institute for Healthcare Improvement evaluates that of these 99,000 passings, up to 4,000 are an immediate consequence of circulation system diseases. The human expense dwarves the money related costs, which alone cripplingly affect the social insurance industry. Considering the Institute for Healthcare Improvement report, each CLABSI occurrence drags out hospitalization on normal of seven days. Every disease costs somewhere in the range of $3,700 and $29,000. Having built up the regular CLABSI episodes, distinguishing the danger of disease, and inspecting the cost, the time has come to move into avoidance techniques. The Institute for Healthcare improvement set up the business standard for focal line disease systems in what are known as Care Bundles. â€Å"The IHI â€Å"Central Line Bundle is a gathering of proof based mediations for patients with intravascular focal catheters that, when actualized together, bring about preferable results over when executed separately. The five segments of the group are appropriate hand cleanliness, most extreme boundary safety measures, chlorhexidine skin antisepsis, ideal catheter site determination, and day by day survey of line need. The most essential advance in CLABSI counteraction is hand washing. (IHI, 4/23/2011) The IHI rules determine that social insurance experts need to wash hands when catheter care, when dressings are changed, and the focal lines are gotten to. Moreover patients ought to be shown when and how to appropriately wash hands. This instruction reaches out to relatives ofâ the patients. Alongside essential cleanliness, patients ought to likewise be educated to abstain from taking care of or controlling focal lines. Accentuation on sterility and cleanliness are strengthened in the second IHI rule known as Maximum Barrier Precautions. The clinical stuff is required to wear tops, covers, sterile outfits, and sterile glove when focal lines are embedded. The patient should likewise be secured head to toe with a sterile wrap aside from a little opening at the catheter inclusion site. (IHI, 4/30/2011) The third IHI safety measure is Chlorohexidine. Studies demonstrate utilizing Chlorohexidine for skin planning preceding focal line inclusion or while changing dressings is more powerful than different arrangements, for example, povidone-iodine or liquor. To appropriately purify the treatment territory, Chlorohexidine must be applied for at any rate 30 seconds and the arrangement must dry totally before embeddings a focal line. The utilization of disinfectants like Chlorohexidine isn't held only for patients. Studies have demonstrated that covering or impregnating catheters with germ-killers have diminished the danger of diseases. The general advantages anyway are faulty while inspecting the training from a money saving advantage point of view. This is because of measurably unimportant contrasts in the pace of contaminations when utilizing impregnated or non-impregnated catheters. (Lai, N. et al, 2013) The following safety measures refered to in the IHI pack are ideal catheter site choice and day by day focal line survey (IHI, 4/30/11-B). One key segment of site choice is found in directing a hazard/advantage investigation. The rewarding doctor is prepared to do such an investigation. When all is said in done the IHI rules recommend staying away from the femoral supply route for focal lines. While rewarding grown-up patients, they additionally recommend an inclination to the subclavian site over a jugular site when utilizing non-burrowed focal lines. A day by day audit of a patient’s focal line is likewise fundamental. The danger of disease builds the more extended a catheter is set up hence a day by day check must be directed to guarantee the line is as yet required. An every day survey will likewise encourage the expulsion of un-required lines. Note that booking catheter evacuations or substitution at planned stretches, like clockwork for instance, has not brought down the danger of contamination. The key component missing in booked expulsions is the day by day, in-person survey. Execution and consistence of IHI Bundle Precautions is multi-faceted requiring proceeding with instruction and amended staffing rehearses (NGC, 2013). Human services experts must be prepared in legitimate strategies for keeping away from focal line contaminations. Strategies incorporate catheter addition and support. To guarantee the rules are followed and the training is compelling, every medicinal services site ought to order a consistence board of trustees and engage the panel to lead intermittent audits of focal line techniques. Among the numerous safety measures refered to over the board of trustees ought to make a focal line agenda and make the agenda accessible to all staff individuals. Moreover the board of trustees can make a culture of focal line wellbeing by guaranteeing cleaning operators are noticeably positioned at all hand-washing stations, each flexibly graph loaded with chlorhexidine packs and other sterile things like veils and gloves. Physical consistence checks would likewise be in the domain of the council and can be found through incorporating every day focal line checks with multidisciplinary adjusts and requiring focal line records indicating the date and time of the line situation. The consistence board will likewise be accused of looking into the facility’s staffing techniques. This is important in light of the fact that reviews show the danger of patient focal line contamination increments when there is a raised patient to nurture proportion. The investigations have additionally shown that the utilization of â€Å"pool nurses† in ICU settings adds to expanded danger of disease. Where IHI rules were acquainted and followed with, the quantity of CLABSI episodes significantly diminished. For instance, from 2001 to 2009 there was a 58% decrease which spared almost $1. 8 billion in overabundance social insurance costs. This speaks to about 6,000 lives spared through legitimate conventions. When taking a gander at two years in this range, 2008 and 2009, the decreases are great. For instance, in 2008 there were roughly 37,000 instances of focal line contaminations in patients getting outpatient hemodialysis. In 2009 there were 23,000 cases among patients getting inpatient treatment. While the quantity of cases in these zones is still high, the insights uncover they are declining (CDC, 2011). The creators of this paper had the chance to finish their clinical hours at two distinct offices; Banner Health Network and Dignity Network. The creators found that the two offices set an objective of totally disposing of CLABSI and made a culture to encourage this objective. Aside structure the general improvement in persistent consideration such an objective will be monetarily helpful for the offices. This is in huge part because of changes in financing decides that state social insurance offices will never again be repaid for CVC related circulatory system diseases since they are viewed as to a great extent preventable. The two offices visited by the creators carefully hold fast to the IHI focal line group idea. Every one of them additionally included

Accounting Standards And Preparing Financial Statements Accounting Essay Essay Example

Bookkeeping Standards And Preparing Financial Statements Accounting Essay Example Bookkeeping Standards And Preparing Financial Statements Accounting Essay Bookkeeping Standards And Preparing Financial Statements Accounting Essay Measures were about obscure before World War II, presently they are of import in each bookkeeping work and concern. All things considered talking Accounting is utilized about everyplace from Bankss and transnational association to neighborhood stores. So associations and attempts needed to create rules for fixing monetary articulations where they track the worry or people. Accounting report, pay explanation, hard money stream articulation, held proclamations theories are kinds of monetary explanation done in association and concerns. These announcements are done to demo organization disbursals, net ( net gain ) , total compensation and loss of concern, and so forth In any case, this paper is going to set up the model and the interest for worldwide standards bookkeeping when contrasted with national basis, it will other than investigate the bookkeeping rules, guidelines and measure. The devotees are the key focuses which will be talked about: Meaning of Accounting Standard Bookkeeping Police Force The interest of Accounting Standards in fixing Fiscal Statements Favorable position and Disadvantage of these Standards The Conceptual Framework Meaning of International Accounting Standards Measures are set of guidelines and processs embraced by heading and tries in fixing and indicating monetary proclamation. Other than known as develops and rules to ensure bookkeeping data is reliable, understandable and tantamount. Gauges are consummately requests when fixing finicky explanation it gives it strangeness of what guideline to be made relying on the sort of proclamation. The International Accounting Standard was made in 1970 by the bookkeeping natural structures which was other than called as financial depicting rule, since there were no statute that require to be watched subsequently, organizations gave Companies Act 1989 to show valid and simply position. This Act had other than expressed that if there was inability to follow with the requests of a bookkeeping measure than it must be clarified in the monetary proclamation in any case a disciplinary procedure will be taken if explanation contained a significant break of the basis which implies some punishment will be ma de. Bookkeeping Police Force Let s think about if there were no course guidelines and even watch what will go on, of class there will be turmoil and expanded mishaps. Indeed, even a game would nt do detect if there were no guidelines for it, permit s connect this delineation to bookkeeping and its rules, if bookkeeping had no arrangement of guidelines there will be risk of misrepresentation, botches, stealer, income improvement occupations, etc†¦ Requirements of the International Accounting Standards To create in the open contribution for example the less fortunate states that could nt stand to hold their ain arrangement of rule To help do monetary conclusions Work effectively with national principles setters to pass on national bookkeeping models and International Financial Reporting Standards ( IFRS ) to top notch arrangement. To utilize measures to every single financial history to give a valid and simply position of the monetary spot and net gain and deficit history To better models of monetary bookkeeping and inclusion to support clients, plans and listeners or financial data To choose bookkeeping issues by the improvement of rules The focal points and impediments of International Standards Board Focal points: Global concern has figured out how to indict in the basic movement of import and fare, since more monetary mutualities exist between states now than prior. Other than a planetary capital market has given universal concern focal points in media transmission, electronic transportations and deregulating which empower them to arraign in monetary minutess. The worry hebdomad has indicated that a worldwide concern observing International Standard its one-year developing has been 3.5 % , while the estimation of exchange has become 6.5 % a twelvemonth it has pushed 10 $ billon to 20 $ higher. Normalization between states has made the bookkeeping work a lot simpler and chop down expenses. They chop down or stifle confounding contrasts in the strategies used to fix chronicles Gives an of import point to contention and medicines about bookkeeping design They give an obligation to organization to do use of the bookkeeping arrangements when fixing bookkeeping proclamation Drawbacks: Culture distinction and human advancement assorted variety which implies the worry ought to be presented or experienced to multicultural experience. Business designs are other than not quite the same as state to state for example Japan financing is finished by obligation while in UK is done through value holder. Religion contrast may other than do some difficulty when explanation is made. Political and financial issues may other than do significant employment when a contributing is to be finished. A lot of guidelines which makes one technique to be followed when fixing chronicles would non be suitable Reasonable model They are the board premises which can be trailed by concern attempts by utilizing the bookkeeping develop. These builds are other than distinguished by the organizations Act 1985.GAAP the General Accepted Accounting Standard are known as set of measures and guidelines that are perceived as a general attendant for monetary inclusion or backing. Two natural structures are liable for building up these models, Financial Accounting Standards Board ( FASB ) and Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) . The applied model comprises of: Points of financial inclusion Subjective highlights of bookkeeping data Elementss of monetary articulations, and runing rules ( premises, rules, and constraint ) . Here are probably the greater part of import builds: Reasonability develop This develop states that, where exchange appraisals are conceivable, the one chose ought to be the one which gives the most cautious introduction of the worry monetary outcome. Accept for outline, that in washing machine concern, each machine costs 100 R.O yet can be sold for 150 R.O. This is the thing that the judiciousness build is going to do a net gain before the total compensation had been perceived. On the different manus the develop of judiciousness is to recognize misfortune each piece presently as it is predicted. Voyaging Concern develop Meanss that a worry will continue runing in to the great beyond and that there is no reason to set the organization into chapter 11, which only implies that the in addition to of the worth ought to non be esteemed at their disintegration esteem. Coordinating build It expresses that a disbursal should mach with net ( total compensation ) , at whatever point it is reasonable and operable to make so. Cost lucifer net incomes net Consistency develop It implies that a similar bookkeeping rules and techniques ought to be utilized from twelvemonth to twelvemonth inside an organization each piece great as Comparability implies that the data ought to be practically identical with bookkeeping data about different undertakings. In addition, significant data assists clients with foreseeing future occasions, which aides revises prior inputs. Choice Association and attempts ought to follow the bookkeeping measure as it is extremely of import since, data are kept sorted out, helps in assurance conceiving, verifiable records of concern are recorded for any future adjustment or check and diminishes extortion, burglary or any criminal operations that occur inside a worry.

Can Depression Turn Into Bipolar Disorder

Can Depression Turn Into Bipolar Disorder Depression Types Print Can Depression Turn Into Bipolar Disorder? By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on January 29, 2020 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD Updated on February 11, 2020 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights dragana991 / Getty Images In This Article Table of Contents Expand Why Misdiagnosis Happens Complications of Misdiagnosis Reducing Misdiagnosis View All Bipolar disorder and depression share many of the same symptoms, but there are several key differences between the conditions. Depression (sometimes referred to as unipolar depression) and bipolar disorder (or bipolar depression) are two distinct conditions that need to be treated differently. Its very important that a person gets the correct diagnosis so they can receive proper treatment.?? Unfortunately, it can be difficult to tell the difference between the conditions, and misdiagnosis can happen. While clinical depression cannot evolve or turn into bipolar disorder, a person who was previously diagnosed with depression may find out that they actually have a type of bipolar disorder.?? It can be difficult to cope with a new or unexpected diagnosis, but having an accurate diagnosis is necessary to ensure the condition is treated properly. How Manic Depression Became Bipolar Disorder Why Misdiagnosis Happens While there are some characteristic features of each condition, many symptoms of bipolar disorder and depression overlap. When people have both conditions at the same time, or another factor such as substance use, making an accurate diagnosis can be challenging. Symptoms of Clinical Depression Verywell / Joshua Seong Although there are different types of depression, which can have unique characteristics, there are some symptoms that most people with depression feel at one time or another, such as: Feeling profoundly sad, hopeless, or emptyGetting angry, irritated, or frustrated easilySleeping too much (known as hypersomnia) or having insomniaPoor concentration or trouble focusingNot feeling hungry or overeatingA lack of interest in hobbies, work, socializingLow or no sex driveSelf-harm, suicidal thoughts or attempts Typically, a person must have symptoms every day for two weeks or longer to be diagnosed with depression. People with depression may also be likely to have comorbid anxiety disorders. People with bipolar disorder can experience anxiety as well, including generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).?? Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder is a mental disorder in which a person experiences alternating periods of depression with symptoms similar to unipolar depression and periods of mania.  Periods of mania are defined by elevated mood and high energy. While in a manic state, a person can feel very good.  Compared to feelings of depression, manic symptoms may not be especially troubling. Manic episodes can also be infrequent, with gaps as long as several years occurring in between them. When symptoms do occur, they can be mild. Symptoms of mania may include: Feeling restless, increased activity or energyEuphoria, excitement, big ideas (grandiosity)Having trouble focusing, getting distracted, thinking about many different thingsAggression, getting angry or irritated easilySleeping less but still having energyIncreased sex driveDelusions, hallucinations (severe mania) In some cases, a person with bipolar depression may not mention manic symptoms to a doctor or therapist unless, or until, they become severe. Types of Bipolar Its important to know that there are two types of bipolar disorder: bipolar 1 and bipolar 2. While the symptoms of each type are similar, they differ in frequency and duration. Verywell / Hugo Lin Bipolar 1 disorder typically involves at least one major depressive episode. How its different from depression is that people with bipolar disorder have also experienced at least one manic episode. In bipolar 1, people may alternate between periods of depression and mania. In bipolar 2 disorder, a person may not experience mania. Rather, they may have a lesser form (hypomania) interspersed with depression. When symptoms are subtle, people may not realize they are experiencing mania. The lows of depression may be more obvious or recognizable, which can contribute to a misdiagnosis of depression. People with either type of bipolar disorder can experience the following symptoms, depending on whether they are experiencing a manic or depressive phase. How to Recognize a Manic Episode Overlapping Symptoms There are many symptoms that are common to depression and bipolar disorder. When a person with a type of bipolar disorder is experiencing a depressive episode, it can look (and feel) very much like a classic bout of depression. People with depression or bipolar disorder can experience low mood, trouble sleeping, changes in appetite, and problems focusing. They are also at risk of self-harming, including suicide. Individuals with bipolar disorder often have issues with excessive sleep and overeating, which can help distinguish between MDD and bipolar disorder. One of the primary ways to distinguish bipolar disorder from depression is the presence of manic symptoms, but a person may seek treatment for their depressive symptoms before they have experienced a manic episode. Sometimes, people do not recognize that they have had an episode of maniaâ€"especially with a more subtle, hypomanic episode. Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder How Substance Use Can Affect Diagnosis Substance misuse can complicate mental illness diagnosis in a number of ways. A person who is using substances such as alcohol or drugs may exhibit behaviors or symptoms that look like bipolar disorder. Misdiagnosis can occur if a provider does not know the person is using substances and attributes symptoms related to use with bipolar disorder. But some research has suggested bipolar disorder may be misdiagnosed even when a clinician is aware of a persons history of substance use.?? Alternatively, people who are using drugs or alcohol may not be correctly diagnosed with bipolar disorder if their symptoms are attributed to substance use rather than underlying bipolar disorder. Substance use disorders frequently co-occur with many mental illnesses, including bipolar disorder and depression. Why Mental Health Disorders Co-Exist With Substance Use Complications of Misdiagnosis One of the potential complications of misdiagnosis is that bipolar disorder and depression require different treatments. Unfortunately, antidepressants, the treatment of choice for depression, may not work for people with bipolar disorder. In fact, when people with bipolar disorder take certain antidepressant medications, their symptoms can become worse. Their mood may become unstable and they may have an increase in the frequency of manic episodes. If F has not yet had a manic episode, these medications may trigger them to experience one. Rather than antidepressants, most people with bipolar disorder need treatment with mood-stabilizing drugs, such as lithium. Reducing the Risk of Misdiagnosis Clinicians can take several steps to ensure they are making an accurate diagnosis. The risk of misdiagnosis is still present, but it can be reduced.?? If you are working with a doctor or mental health professional, there are a few approaches to your assessment they may use to help them provide the most accurate diagnosis possible. History Taking A doctor or mental health professional will start by asking you about your symptoms. As it can be difficult for people to explain their feelings or note patterns, it can also be helpful for them to talk to your loved ones, as they may have noticed changes in your behavior or made other observations about your moodâ€"some of which you may not even be aware of. Clinicians may make a special point to ask about the symptoms associated with mania, such as elevated mood, irritability, or reckless behavior. They may also ask about a family history of mental illness. If a person has a first-degree relative with bipolar disorder or a history of manic episodes, they are at a higher risk for bipolar disorder. If someone has not been formally diagnosed but experienced a manic episode after starting an antidepressant, that may also indicate bipolar disorder rather than depression. Your doctor will likely ask questions about the onset of symptoms. The symptoms of bipolar disorder tend to start abruptly and make come on earlier (teens or early 20s). Depression, on the other hand, may be more gradual and can develop any timeâ€"even in childhood. People with bipolar disorder also tend to experience change or recovery of symptoms (from low mood to feeling better, for example) more quickly than people with depression. In general, people with depression do not experience alternating moodsâ€"they feel low most or all of the time. These bouts of depression also tend to last for long periods of time, whereas people with bipolar disorder may have shorter bouts of depression. Diagnostic Tools The Mood Disorder Questionnaire, the Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale, and the Hypomanic Personality Scale are some of the diagnostic instruments used to screen for bipolar disorder.?? These tools focus on questions about potential mania and hypomania symptoms, which are important for distinguishing between a diagnosis of bipolar and unipolar depression. Clinicians will also want to find out if you have experienced any symptoms of psychosis, such as hallucinations. While psychotic symptoms can occur in other mental health disorders, its also a feature that can help distinguish between bipolar disorder and depression. Bipolar Disorder With Mixed Features Follow-Up Your doctor or mental health professional may want you to try mood charting to help keep track of your symptoms. This practice can be especially helpful for detecting episodes of hypomania and tracking the frequency of mood swings. You may be asked to keep a log of your mood after starting an antidepressant. If you develop new symptoms (such as mania) or worsening symptoms after starting these medications, it may indicate that you have bipolar disorder rather than depression. Staying in contact with your mental health care team while you are in the process of being diagnosed or starting treatment is important, especially if you are trying medications. In some cases, antidepressants can make symptoms of depression worse. If you are under the age of 25, the risk of suicidal thoughts can increaseâ€"which is why antidepressants have a black box warning from the FDA. If you, or your loved ones, notice a change in your behavior that is worrisome, talk to your doctor or psychiatrist. They may decide you need another type of treatment. Do not stop or take less of the antidepressant you have been prescribed unless you are being supervised by your doctor or psychiatrist. If you want to stop taking a medication or switch to a new prescription, ask your doctor how to safely reduce your dose to avoid withdrawal. A Word From Verywell Even when a doctor or mental health professional is thorough in assessing your symptoms and history, misdiagnosis can still happen. You can help by being as accurate and detailed as you can when reporting your symptoms to a clinician. If the diagnosis you have been given doesnt feel like the right fit, its important that you express these concerns to your health care team. It may help to be assessed by another practitioner. Your mental health and well-being depend on receiving an accurate diagnosis and having access to the treatment that best suits your needs. How to Explain Bipolar Disorder to Loved Ones

Foreign Aid Essay - 1342 Words

Foreign aid is defined as the help given by one nations government to another nation to help with social and financial advancement. Also, foreign aid is used in order to help a country to respond a disaster such as natural disaster, disease, etc. It can include providing financial help, medicines (science), food, clothes, etc. Likewise, foreign aid can be used for education (knowledge), infrastructures, equipment, and to fight poverty. I believe that foreign aid helps poor countries especially when it is well designed, and delivered, works, saving the lives of many and helping to promote economic growth. In addition, it is good for those countries in need because it is free, good for the improvement of a poor countries economy, and it†¦show more content†¦Creating nations themselves accentuate this point, however, in the rich world, it is frequently overlooked. So too is the way that money-related guide and the further opening of well-off nations business sectors are device s with just a constrained capacity to trigger development, particularly in the poorest nations. As we learned in this class, poor countries are abundant in cheap labor and natural resources. The financial foreign aid helps countries to invest opening markets to important exports. For instance, some financial aid promotes microcredit which is a very small loan to some particular individuals in poor countries to stimulate economic development, so that they can start small businesses. Foreign aid helps to save lives of many because of its well-designed programs. On the health front, smallpox has been annihilated, newborn child death rates have been brought down, and diseases like diarrhea has been well treated. Help programs have enhanced ladies entrance to present day contraception and helped the improvement of the education system. Aid additionally pays for a significant part of the (still-restricted) access to AIDS drugs in poor nations. Foreign aid helps poor countries to reduce or stop angry sentiments. How do you know you are poor? You will know if you see someone better off than you. Relative deprivation is the absence of assets to maintain the eating routine,Show MoreRelatedForeign Aid Essay620 Words   |  3 PagesForeign Aid Foreign Aid, charity, development assistance†¦whatever you call it, it has become a global activity. The assistance is delivered by various means: government-to-government, pooled multilaterally or channeled Read MoreEssay On Foreign Aid862 Words   |  4 PagesMany influential thinkers view foreign aid as one of the best tools for eradicating poverty. However, my aim is to prove this belief wrong by demonstrating that if the capital is given to the wrong types of government then it works to further perpetuate inequalities. Nations thrive only when they establish inclusive governments—ones that promote free markets that permit citizens to not only spend freely but also to invest to promote the flow of capital. On the other hand, governments that use authorityRead More What Foreign Aid Is Essay1730 Words   |  7 PagesWhat Foreign Aid Is There are two words that many politicians like to shy away from, and those two words are, foreign aid. Taking a firm stand on either side of this topic is usually side stepped by decision makers. Their opinions are usually based on a case by case analysis. This extremely controversial topic involves whether or not to support the policy of foreign aid to needy or sometimes not so needy countries. What benefits does foreign aid have for the countries that receive itRead MoreEssay on The Benefits of Foreign Aid1625 Words   |  7 Pagesmisperception concerning how much of the federal budget is actually set aside for foreign assistance programs. Only one-half of one percent is actually allocated and spent through the agency, stated J. Brian Atwood, head of USAID, at the International Development Conference on January 1995. In addition, U.S. Foreign Assistance levels are at their lowest levels in over 50 years (Ten Questions Commonly Asked About U.S. Foreign Assistance Programs, March 6, 1995). The United States should continue providingRead More Americas Foreign Aid Policy Essay5410 Words   |  22 PagesTime for Americas Foreign Aid Policy to Follow Thomas Malthus’ Prescriptions During the late 1700s, Adam Smith and Thomas Malthus each entered their predictions on the future of the world’s economies into the history books. In his writings in An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Smith theorized that national economies could be continuously improved by means of the division of labor, efficient production of goods, and international trade. 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Even though a majority of Africa is either run by a democratic type of government or by dictatorship foreign aid should still be limited due to repudiation of responsibilities and permits corruptionRead MoreThe Effect of War and Peace on Foreign Aid Essay1520 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effect of War and Peace on Foreign Aid Dr. Toi Dennis Elaine Stewart SOC 300: Sociology of Developing Countries May 4, 2014 Introduction Afghanistan is a developing country; the country faced many difficulties soon after its independence. They faced difficulties in the development of their constitution and regulations. The selection of a leader was an issue and the first major task was to prepare a military for theRead MoreEssay Foreign Aid Programs are Good Politics1136 Words   |  5 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Americans have historicly had many outlooks on foreign relations and the countrys proper place in them.   On one extreme is the idea that the US government should use its power and influence as a globally acknowledged superpower to take a leading role in world affairs, to use its military strength to help promote peace and stability.   The other side is that America is not the worlds policeman, that we must put our own interests as a nation first.   The US

Business Organizations Summary - 1574 Words

THE LAW OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS Chapter 16 – Law of Sole Proprietorship and Partnership * Sole proprietorship – A business where the sole owner is responsible for the management and debts of the business. * Registration/licensing issues; Flexibility * Partnership – Partnership Act (Ontario) defines partnership as a relationship that subsists between two or more persons carrying on business in common with a view to profit. * Differences between partnership and co-ownership * Joint and several liability * Partnership agreement – checklist of issues * Liability of partner for acts of employees * Rights and duties of partners to one another as set out in the Partnership Act (Ontario) * Dissolution†¦show more content†¦As a general rule, in any transaction with the corporation, a director must disclose his or her interest in a particular contract and refrain from discussing or voting on the matter at the directors’ meeting. Shareholder approval of contracts in which a director has an interest may be required. A director must disclose a conflict of interest. Canadian Aero Service v. O’Malley et al (1973) * Directors’ Liabilities - Numerous heads of director liability under various pieces of legislation: sell shares at a discount contrary to governing legislation; declare a dividend that impairs the capital of the corporation; environmental liabilities; employees wages in the event of a bankruptcy; failure to file corporate notices; Fraud charges under the Criminal Code; proceeds of crime and money laundering charges * Directors’ Defence of Due Diligence - Due diligence: the obligation on the directors of a corporation to ensure that effective systems are in place to comply with legislation, and to monitor legislative systems to ensure compliance. R. v. Bata sets out the criteria for the defence of due diligence. Ani Abdalyan, B.A. LL.B. LL.M. Member of the Ontario Bar Lead Instructor ALW 380 Business Law for Accounting * Business judgment rule - A court would be reluctant to interfere with the decisions of the board of directors. The rule is limited to circumstances where the directors can demonstrate they informed themselves of the issue andShow MoreRelatedBMGT 110 Final Paper Kelly S Sandwich Shop Case Study 11731 Words   |  7 Pagesgrowth strategy, business forms, short and medium term goals, financing assistance, organizational structure and staffing needs, customers and promotion, and ethics and social responsibility. In this paper will to discuss how the different factors alter the advancement of small businesses. Kelly’s sandwich concession has been selling sandwich and other lunch items to her customers for the past five years. Though small, her business has been a very optimistic and fast growing business. 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Indian Market Diversity Free Essays

string(197) " may exist in large cities, but there is a disconnect when compared with their counterparts in smaller towns — whether it is regarding their philosophy, their thoughts or their approach to life\." Indian Market Diversity Changing Consumer Behaviour The Indian consumer market is one of the most promising markets in the world, evolving faster than ever across all socioeconomic strata, regions and town classes. Post liberalisation Indians have seen a tremendous increase in incomes, multiple income households, exposure to international lifestyles and media, easier financial credit. In these fast changing times, it becomes imperative for companies reaching out to the Indian market, to catch the pulse of the Indian consumer, to gain a better understanding of the Indian consumer behaviour and to get key insights into issues like: †¢What does the Indian Consumer’s shopping basket consist of? †¢What is it that the Indian consumer is buying – Is it Apparel? Books? Music? Or Durables or Grocery? How is she paying for her purchases? †¢How much is she willing to travel to get one-stop shopping options? Is she discount driven enough to wait for promotions or markdowns? †¢How different is the Delhi consumer from the one in Kolkata or Chennai, and how different are they from those in Lucknow or Ludhiana? All these questions have taken a top priority not only to domestic marketers but also for companies like Wal-Mart and Carrefour that are planning to set up retail chains to tap the potential Indian consumer market. We will write a custom essay sample on Indian Market Diversity or any similar topic only for you Order Now Marketing in India is growing through an indefinable phase. Various print, electronic and other media are influencing everyone right from â€Å"Karta† of the family to the kid, the consumer‘s making decision and the way in which the new generation Indian consumer behaves is undergoing change at a never before pace. In today’s global marketing era, which stresses on customization and localisation, influencing the consumer’s decision has become more important in this changing environment. Many new upcoming trends have been noticed in the last decade. According to the data provided by (NCAER) latest Indian market demographics report 2002 in the period from 1998-99 to 1999-2000, the purchase of white goods rose by 103%, this growth was seen mostly in the Southern India, with North and Western parts of the country still lying untapped. In other words, the potential in the North and the West is truly large. With income levels rising- especially in the post-reforms period the number of upper-medium and high-income households rose from 4. 1 % of the total numbers of households in 1989-90 to 11. 9% in 1998-99. The pattern of consumption has also undergone a sea change. Similarly, the number of low-income households, that is households with an annual income of less than Rs. 35,000 per year, has fallen from 58. 2 % in 1992-93 to 39. 7 % in 1998-99. Income Levels : From NCEAR, LM – Lower Middle class, M – Middle Class, UM – Upper Middle Class and H – Higher Class. (All figure in %) Income Class92-9395-9698-99 Low=, Rs 35,00058. 248. 939. 7 LM=Up to Rs 70,00025. 430. 734. 5 M= up to Rs 1,05,00010. 411. 913. 9 UM = up to Rs 1,40,0003. 756. 2 H =. Rs 1,40,0002. 33. 55. 7 A traditional family in India is different from a western family, the decision making process for the purchasing of consumer durables is quite elaborate, as many members with their diverse view are involved in it. At the same time, the characteristics of Indian families are fast changing. Indian families are presently in a state of flux, shifting from being strictly hierarchical to more egalitarian in character. This is all because of a sea change in the structure of income distribution (as shown in the table) where: †¢High-income class is expanding very fast. Middle-income classes bulging in size especially in rural India. †¢During the post reform period the rate of growth in the upper income categories was much higher, compared to the corresponding decline in the size of the low-income class. The growth of the top most income class after 1995-96 has been of the order of about 19%. †¢A significant negative growth in the urban low-income class was observed in south and west India, followed by north India. The High class consumers are at the top end with the mindset: â€Å"I pay more to get more†, where the purchase is driven by the emotional surplus that the consumer experiences. The mid-level which thinks: â€Å"I get good value at a reasonable price†. More important, however, is the large block at the lower income level which says: â€Å"I pay less and I get less† and is totally satisfied with that. This is probably a segment that many marketers tend to overlook since they feel that there is no existing demand there. Nothing could be further from the truth. The problem was that earlier, there were no goods and services targeting this large chunk; but today companies are reaching out into this segment. There is a growing realisation today that it is easier to compete in the smaller towns because many of the big brands and their marketing managers and sales teams don’t make the effort to travel there. Hence, if one does go there, market share is easy to achieve because even though the overall pie is smaller, there is less competition. Rural –Urban divide: †¢The rural markets are growing. However the level of infrastructure development (including that of the services sector), performance of agriculture, and dependency on Monsoon will determine their further growth. Availability of electricity alone is a critical factor for durable ownership. In urban markets, aspiration is the key — it is all about brands, lifestyles and show-off value. This is followed by quality and finally price. Rural India is driven primarily by price, followed by aspiration and then quality. However, what is important to understand is that the Indian consumer, no matter where he or she is or what category he or she belongs to, still looks for a good bargain. That is a unique Indian characteristic. While they maybe driven by the same desires, there are still differences in the way people live in the non-metropolitan cities when compared with the metropolitan cities or ‘metros’ as they are usually called. A degree of homogeneity may exist in large cities, but there is a disconnect when compared with their counterparts in smaller towns — whether it is regarding their philosophy, their thoughts or their approach to life. You read "Indian Market Diversity" in category "Papers" Thus, marketers today also need to think about creating brands that address these differences in consumers’ lifestyles. The Indian consumer is also maturing fast and is upgrading within product segments at a pace that consumer companies are struggling to keep up with. The mobile phone category is a classic example, where individuals across segments are constantly moving to the next price level as soon as they master the technology of their current phone. Companies therefore have to straddle the whole consumer pyramid rather than being focused on one part of it. These changes have also raised new challenges for old brands. There is a danger of them fading if they do not reinvent themselves to satisfy current needs. As a result, there is a whole new marketing opportunity and challenge for those brands that have to reinvent themselves and try to compete. The retail experience has also created a niche for new products and services. Gadgets like mobile phones are sold through kiranas (small family stores) and telephone booths since those are the outlets that have electricity. This is the total opposite of the mall culture seen in urban India and it is a need that consumer companies will need to address. Indian FMCG market in 1990’s †¢During the 1990’s the rural segment of the FMCG market has grown steadily at over 3% per annum. †¢Market size for products with lower penetration and consumption levels has grown at over 40% per annum during the later half of the 1990’s. Significantly such products are at the higher side of the price line. †¢There are others such as washing materials, toiletries, toothpaste and tea where substitution effects are taking place. The role played by members of the family varies with demographics parameters as well as with the type of products. While a number of psychological variables are useful in obtaining into consumer’s psyche, it is worthwhile to probe into some specific aspects of consumer decision making in order to formulate marketing strategies. In case of a family, the influencer does not usually have expertise but assume their respective roles on the basis of the family dynamics. Once the decision to buy a particular consumer durable product is made and announced. Family members provide what information is available to them about the product, and even assign members to gather information. For collecting additional data, the influencers use any of the four basis sources of information, via, personal, commercial, public and experiential. The degree of acceptance of the information and the preference of the influencers may, however, vary. The entire family members will act as an influencer. The moderator (Whom the influencers confine) may be instructed to collect the desired information. By the early nineties FMCG marketers had figured out two things: †¢Rural markets are vital for survival since the urban markets were getting saturated. Rural markets are extremely price-sensitive. Thus, a number of companies followed the strategy of launching a wide range of package sizes and prices to suit the purchasing preferences of India’s varied consumer segments. Hindustan Lever, a subsidiary of Unilever, coined the term nano-marketing in the early nineties, when it introduced its products in small sachets. Small sachets were introduced in almost all the FMCG segments from oil, shampoo, and detergents to beverages. Cola major, Coke, brought down the average price of its products from around twenty cents to ten cents, bridging the gap between soft drinks and other local options like tea, butter milk or lemon juice. It also doubled the number of outlets in rural areas from 80,000 during 2001 to 160,000 the next year, almost doubling its market penetration from 13 per cent to 25 per cent. This along with greater marketing, led to the rural market accounting for 80 per cent of new Coke drinkers and 30 per cent of its total volumes. Emergence of the new consumer Understanding the Indian consumer market means understanding its individual segments. Three major segments are emerging †¢Kids †¢The Youth (including the young working singles) †¢The Urban Indian Woman These segments have shown a tremendous increase in influencing and driving purchase decisions and hence are huge drivers of change in the consumer market. Purchases are being driven not by necessity, but to satisfy individual needs. A high-potential emerging market is also the vast rural hinterland, which has its own unique characteristics. Kids: Getting older younger There are 300 million children aged between 4–14 years in India — a vast market by any standards. The role that children play in purchase decisions has changed dramatically in the past 4–5 years. From pester power, kids have changed their role to becoming influencers, this is not only in product categories like confectionary and toys, but in larger long term use categories such as cars, electronics and even consumer durables like refrigerators and air conditioners, which were, traditionally, decisions taken by parents. Today the roles are reversed, with kids pointing out the pros and cons of purchase decisions to their parents. In fact, in the older age group, kids have actually become consultants, whom parents turn to for advice during the decision-making process. Another driver is their mastery of technology, which is a primary component of a high proportion of new products in the market. The relative ease with which they are able to grasp technicalities and understand product features and usability (or lack of) has made them experts in the eyes of their parents. Youth – Charting their own path: With the majority of India’s population below the age of 25 years, young consumer market is the primary target of every consumer goods company. The trend towards homogeneity is also apparent in terms of aspiration between segments and there is no difference in the mindset of the younger demographic. The aspirations of the youth are the same, driven primarily by the fact that they are all Internet savvy and this has given them equal access to information. Along with the love for brands and gadgets, they are equally comfortable with Indian values and Indian culture. Life is about visiting religious centres with their parents and then spending the evening with friends at the local club or a similar social venue. Indian youth are also very patriotic, not in the classical, pre-independence sense but in a modern sense which reflects their pride in being Indian in today’s world. As a segment, they are on the whole sensible, very clear about what they want to achieve in their lives and not easily carried away by hype and show. The outsourcing phenomenon in India ha has been the main driver of this consumer segment. A larger number of younger people now have cash in hand and this combined with increasing brand awareness has resulted in a lot of spending on leisure and personal gratification. This has also brought about a dramatic change in the concept of saving. The young generation lives for today, the concept of saving for a rainy day is alien to most of them — especially since the majority of them have not experienced shortages in their lives. This is also a segment constantly on the move — mentally and physically. The young do not want to be at home and are spending twice the amount of time outside the house than they would have done a couple of years ago. So, whether they are at a multiplex, a mall or a cyber cafe, hanging out with friends is a clear preference. The Urban Woman: Defining her own space In India, it has been a long accepted fact that it is the women in a family who define the environment at home. In the urban cities and even in small towns, they have been the ‘silent influencers’ for some time now, directing family purchases and expenditures. It is only recently, however, that the urban woman has come into her own, and today there is no looking back from her newly gained independence. In the past five years, there has been a large increase in the product categories specifically targeted towards the urban woman. Be it mobile phones, computers, apparel, jewellery or even financial products, women in the cities are finding themselves spoilt for choice. One prominent manifestation of this segment is seen in the daily soap operas on Indian television. While the characters may seem regressive at first glance, increasing viewership has proved that they have struck a chord — whether the woman is a homemaker or a professional. Today women go out with each other, a trend that was not seen previously. They are also much more into indulgence and satisfying their emotional self. † So, whether it is spending time at clubs with friends, pampering herself at the salon, experimenting with cosmetic surgery or enrolling at the fitness centre, the need to look good has now become a priority. It is no longer only about getting married and having kids. Implications for marketers: †¢Commoditisation of brands: Routine items and white goods will be bought on price, accessibility and not for brand values. †¢Novelty will not be a reason for trial: The new generation consumer will try to simplify complexity by dropping into routine behaviours. †¢Brand will be for pleasure: Brand will have to redefine role, where consumers are physically more satisfied and psychologically more confidant. †¢Evaluation parameter of brand will change: When consumers are going to continuously ask about the long-term safety/ effects of using How to cite Indian Market Diversity, Papers

World Population Growth free essay sample

The world’s population is ageing. Virtually every country in the world is experiencing growth in the number and proportion of older persons in their population. According to World Population Prospects, (2015), the general increase in the number of older persons in the world today, could be regarded to be one of the most significant social transformations of the twenty-first century, but not without implications for all sphere of life. Preparing for the economic and social shifts associated with an ageing population is thus essential to ensure an adequate care for the aged, as well as meet up with the challenges of ageing. According to United Nation’s report on World Ageing Population (2015), knowledge of population ageing is particularly relevant in many ways, for instance; for the goals on poverty eradication, ensuring healthy lives and well-being at all ages, but in a special way for better planning so as to plan for long term care of the older adults. We will write a custom essay sample on World Population Growth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The 2002 Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing [M.I.P.A.A.] adopted during the Second World Assembly on Ageing, highlighted the need to consider older persons in development planning, emphasizing that older persons should be able to participate in and benefit equitably from the fruits of development to advance their health and well-being, and that societies should provide enabling environments for them to do so. (UN, 2015). As populations become increasingly aged, it is more important than ever that governments, civil societies, Faith Based organizations, and the entire nations to contribute in designing policies, public services and organized long term care older adults. Population ageing is in as a result of positive changes in fertility and mortality that are associated with economic and social development. There is a progress in child mortality reduction, improved access to education and employment opportunities, better reproductive health, etc. Additionally, improvements in public health and medical technologies, along with advancement in living conditions. These contribute to people living longer, because they decline fertility and help in increasing longevity. In other words, there is a reduction in birthrate, while the older persons continue to live. Ageing is taking place all over the world, but at a different pace in the different countries of the world. The pace of population ageing in many developing countries today is substantially faster than occurred in developed countries in the past. (United Nation [UN] 2013 and 2015).